Learning and education Essay Example for Free

Learning and education EssayLearning and education are nigh of the most prized assets any person could have. Many parents consider these assets to be the primary treasure which they can give to their children to face the challenges of the future. However, there are some instances in which education becomes unreachable due to some hindrances like schooling disabilities. It may become a concern not only for the individual but for the family as well. Fortunately there are still some available steps in order to combat the possible dilemmas learning disabilities index bring. On the carve up of Tony, it seems that he is not really that ready enough to become a part of the larger scope of education structure. He used to have a separated domain of learning which highlighted his interests to accommodate knowledge. The one-on-one teaching method tolerated by Ms. Brumbley became the most comfortable realm for Tony to achieve success. However, in order to receive much, he needs to s wallow a few more steps of the education ladder. In nerve work and beyond, school works are more complex and require more diligence in following directions. Add to that the extremely dynamic social nature of the class where students will tend to alter their roles and projections towards other members of the society. Because of such factors, Tony may have a hard time adjusting to the situation. In order to accommodate Tony to perform his ultimate best, what can be through with(p) is to at least set some modifications in the classroom. First is to introduce the basic foundations of new lessons for discussion. For example, a lesson in Math can first take a course of simple arithmetic to fraction computations. This may seem too easy telling for the whole class but exampling to them the importance of the weapons-grade math foundation will not impose an obvious aspect that the procedure is intend for Tony to refresh what he has previously learned.It is also possible to provide Tony a separate customized textbook and assignments so that he can gradually adjust to the lessons involved in middle school education. This approach is not intended for a long term basis so that he can actually progress to entertain newer and more complex lessons in middle school subjects. Lastly, as a concerned teacher, he will be provided with at least an hour of academic assistance everyday after class. A credit form of conversation is best for him so that he could provide any feedback about the class procedures. In order to support the standing of Tony in middle school through high school, coordinating with his other teachers would be the best practice to do. This will help the whole learning sector to have a single approach in fulfilling the special needs of Tony. Even if after he has completed the year level in a particular class, a complete coordination between his previous teachers and the ones who will be handling him should be initiated. Basing on some studies and personal ob servations, individuals like Tony do not simply induce learning problems. The nearest dilemma apart from education concerns is the social interaction aspect of the person. Primarily, if one is not able to acquire the supposedly pace of learning rates in education, then most probably there will be a certain problem within his core interactive capabilities.Of course, it was famed that he exemplifies a certain degree of fondness in dealing with people in a comical way but deep inside, Tony might also have some concerns in having an interaction with people in a serious manner. If he will realize his disadvantages over the people he will constantly interact with, he might experience a sense of inferiority or discrimination. Compassionate encouragement and kindness can belittle the inferiority factor this dilemma might induce (Kentucky Education Cabinet). Helping the students to explore their capabilities is one way to nurture their personalities. But for individuals who have a relativ e disadvantage in learning, utmost assistance and care is needed beyond teaching.ReferencesKentucky Education Cabinet. N.D. Learning Disabilities. Kentucky.gov. Retrieved February 4, 2008 from http//ada.ky.gov/learning_dis_def.htm.

In my everyday life how do I measure success and failure Essay Example for Free

In my everyday life how do I measure triumph and failure EssayThe aim of this paper is to discuss how to measure success and failure in everyday life. The evaluation of the social concept of success should sugar with acknowledging that social definition of success varies from shade to culture and even from iodine social group to another. In other words, every society has its own teaching about what social success is. For example, if a person drives a 2007 Jaguar and lives in a nice house, he or she is regarded as successful by society norms. People are trying to move up the social ladder because the society is placing a clustering of blackjack on them to belong to the highest house possible.Government uses the relationship between social class ( baseer, middle, and upper) to suggest that society is equ every last(predicate)y just. Growing up in the city, I could witness stereotypical views of low income families. I could witness people being discriminated because they di dnt urinate nice suits or dresses, and their vocabulary was not equal to or better than the person they were lecture to. Sometimes the idea of social success regularises too much pressure on people so they sometimes forget their morals and values.The task is all they want to do is to reach new social status because that is what society has led them to believe and what society expects of them. My grandfather often cited a southern verbalism that reads as follows Money is the root of all evil. Through the years I often wondered if he was correct. Society describes dismantle class as government assisted or a troublesome group of people. Hanratty and Meditz stated that in contrast, the masses were composed of the illiterate and the impoverished who lived on the margin of subsistence and possessed little or no security, skill, or stable employment. I disagree with Hanratty and Meditz statement most lower class people do have work-related skills and are literate. In a lower class n eighborhood at a local barber shop there are always conversations about how the upper class is destroying the lower class, and wherefore lower class people cannot integrate into the mainstream society. Some would say that their major obstacle on the way to social success is fear or efficacy to adapt to change. Lower class is aware that they are labeled however, they are determined to be a hotheaded force in society.The stereotype of a successful family implies that a husband and a wife have an income that allows them to live in a nice neighborhood. Society would classify that family as middle class. Samuelson writes that compounding the stress, the legal injury of entry into the middle class is always rising. The more we can have, the more we must have. Keeping up with the Joneses is the curse of our advances and ambitions (19). The problem with middle class and the problem of trying to belong there is that the upper class considers itself middle class at times.It forces hard-wo rking middle class people to work harder, often taking on two jobs to maintain their social status. Some upper class people continue to downplay their status as middle class. That would put pressure on truly middle class people to stay (or even move up) in the social status. Expectation of what society requires of the middle class often puts pressure on the middle class to advance. Being born into wealth has been the only way to integrate in the upper class. Today the upper class is comprised of a diverse group of people unlike years before when the rich just had to travel and throw socials.The perception of upper class as seen on television is sometimes different from reality, as the rich have large amounts of money and can abuse their power. The rich are excuse from a lot of mishaps, while the middle and lower class would have not received the same treatment. Domhoff writes that from infancy through young adulthood, members of the upper class receive a distinctive education. This education begins early in life in preschools that frequently are attached to a neighborhood church of high social status. teaching continues during the elementary years at a local private school called a day school. Higher education will be obtained at one of a small number of heavily endowed private universities. Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Stanford head the list, followed by smaller Ivy League schools in the East and a smattering of other small private schools in other parts of the country (24). The upper class continues to work hard on staying on top they put pressure on themselves and their children to stimulate them to stay in the same social class.What we as society fail to realize is that success comes from within. In every culture there are social problems that result from being in a certain situation. Everybody has their own definition of what success is definitions of success range from being rich, driving a fancy car, and living in a big house to simply being in good h ealth and having a stress-free life. I have read a lot of articles through the years on what it takes to be successful and I stil.

Research Methodology Chapter: Communication Research

Research Methodology Chapter conversation ResearchOne converse-related aspect of the dispute debate c at oncerns the fundamental nature of engagement and whether it can be considered an attitude, a psychological or motivational state, or a personality trait. The nature of engagement is a significant issue for corporate communicators since they are well-placed to trance workplace attitudes and stimulate employee motivation. Kahn (1990) presents engagement as a three-comp unitynt construct influenced by three psychological states. Robinson et al. (2004) define the concept as a positive attitude. Conversely, Saks (2006) pleads that engagement is not an attitude tho a psychological state, while others (Sparrow and Balain, 2010) believe that engagement is an attitude. Macey and Schneider (2008a) regard engagement as a complex ne devilrk encompassing trait, state, and behavioural constructs. Kahn (2010) contrasts his conception of dynamic engagement with steady-state (trait) views o f motivation. Kahn describes engagement as both delicate and fragile, and quite resilient. So, Kahns view of engagement exhibits a mixture of attitudinal-type states together with more than fixed steady-state predisposition traits. This complex state and trait view of engagement is physical exertionful for communicators since it highlights a need for employee communication to lowstand and serve internal s grappleholders marrow squash (trait) communication needs, as well as surface (state and attitude) communication needs. Moreover, internal communication represents one of the organisational determines that facilitate engagement.Pugh and Dietz (2008) consider leadership as a trumpeter of organisation engagement and organisational effectiveness as a consequence. The communication abilities of leadership teams are recognised as important in driving engagement (Wiley et al., 2010). Communication has been identified to a fault as an underlying factor associated with employee engage ment (Kahn, 1992). Likewise, MacLeod and Clarke (2009) highlight communication as a critical factor for enhancing performance through employee engagement. They argue that good quality internal communication enhances engagement as they emphasise that employees need clear communication from senior management to understand how their have got roles rifle with the organisation vision. Unsurprisingly, they cite poor communication as a barrier to engagement and a pose of disengagement. However, contri unlessions from the professionals on communication disciplines are surprisingly deficient given that internal communication is an organisational level intervention which can positively impact employee engagement.Internal communication in any organisation has been stated to concur a correlation with employee feeling of self-satisfaction and their productivity (Clampitt and Downs, 1992). High communication effectiveness is linked to better financial performance and organizational stabilit y (Internal communication effectiveness enhances bottom-line results, journal of organizational excellence, Summer 2006, pp 71-71)Van Riel (1998, pp. 8-27) gives an overview of the elements of corporate communication as all the communication within an organisation, such as managerial communication, organisational communication, and trade communication. This informs the employees allow foringness to meet the strategic mission, vision, and objectives of the organisation which creates a competitive advantage of the organisation.Research DesignThis section allow discuss the investigate framework proposed for use in this study. This methodological framework is influenced by the research onion model develop by Saunders (2012) pp 128 which include general information regarding the research design and strategy, method of information collection, measurement of variable and selective information analysis as well as evaluate the credibility and validity of the study. There would be an ex amination of merits and demerits of the chosen methods use in this study, a consideration of ethical issues, as a result, the limitations.Research DesignAvailable literature considers basically five different approaches ranging from experimental, case study, longitudinal, cross-section(a) to comparative design (Bryman and Bell, 2011 Saunders et al, 2009). In view of the aim of this research, there will be a combination of approaches in like manner known as a composite method in the investigation of the research theme (Saunders et al, 2009). Also, a set of quantifiable selective information will be collected to help establish the family between two or more variables (Bryman and Bell, 2011).Research StrategyThe strategy to be adopted for this research will be quantitative in nature, this is because will be formulation and testing of hypotheses which are tentative suppositions or proposed explanations made found on limited evidence as a starting register for further investigation which on the face of empirical evidence could hold true or false and as such be graduated to be theory or otherwise. accord to Saunders et al, (2009) quantitative research is a strategy that lay emphasis on quantification in data collection and analysis that provides firm scientific fact of knowledge on the basis of positivism.Furthermore, Bryman and Bell, (2011) suggested that the application of a quantitative research strategy has the latent for statistical generalization as against soft research employed in many social and natural sciences academic disciplines which are more descriptive. This method of approach, therefore, is more useful to achieve the set aims and objectives of this research stated herein.Data CollectionThere will be the use of both primary and secondary data collection sources to collect appropriate and pertinent data that will enable credible, complete and valid conclusions in accordance with the aims and objectives of the research. Primary data will inclu de the conduct of interview of virtually members of the management team of the case study organisation and a questionnaire of other concerned employees. The use of these two methods is hoped to balance some of the limitations inherent in each. In addition, this research will use the content analysis approach which is a strategy for the review and analysis of relevant secondary documents from Abellio.Data abstractAll data collected for the purpose of this research will be careful analysis and tested against the theories with the aid of IBM SPSS statistical program. IBM SPSS Statistics is an integrated software product that addresses the entire analytic process, from planning to data collection to analysis, reporting, and deployment (Gaskin, J, 2012). It provides a range of statistical procedures suitable for many problems, including crosstabs, linear regression, Monte Carlo simulation, geospatial analytics, and the ability to ext finale built-in capabilities with Python, R, or um ber code (IBM.com). I feel opted for IBM SPSS statistical program for its effectiveness in data analysis and presentation quality of custom tables to help users and analysts to interpret data which could then be tested against the theoretical statements that could, in turn, lead to further generalisation statements (Bryman and Bell, 2011).Limitations of StudyThe following limitations are anticipated1. Data collected is based on interviews and questionnaires administered and as such respondents may not give the actual situation for fear that management of reprisal action against them2. The data collected by the poster technique may be very limited.3. The case study organisation has a large number of employees consequently, only one hundred of the affected will be sampled through the rank and file.4. Equally important is the problem of judgment of conviction as the research will only be conducted within given three-month period.Frankenstein AnalysisFrankenstein AnalysisFrankenst ein was a man whose ambition led to a disaster and his actions led to evil.These are outcomes for which he is solely responsible. Is Frankenstein an innocent? In my opinion, he was not an innocent. The meaning of innocent is to loose from evil or guilt. The word Frankenstein is defined in the Encarta dictionary as a creator of something that causes ruin or dest ruction, or brings about a personal downfall, this shows that his name was quite well suited.A common quotation is that One is innocent until proved guilty, If this quotation is applied to passkey Frankenstein, he would be innocent, however my argument is that he was not innocent, it was his fault his family suffered, he brought on his own destruction and was responsible for creating a human, which was morally and contextually incorrect He would be innocent for allowing the murders of William, Justine, Elizabeth and Clerval to take place. It may be true that Frankenstein did not physically murder, however, he is the main ca use, and the yard they died. Frankenstein never admitted to his families what he had done he never took responsibility for his actions. The so called monster murdered for companionship, not to seek revenge from his victims, but to seek revenge from Frankenstein. The circumstances squeeze Frankensteins monster to do so, Victor was the instigator of these circumstances.My first theory was to discover what I knew of the murderer and cause instant pursuit to be made. But I paused when I reflected on the story I had to tell, this shows that Victor had the knowledge that he was the reason William was dead. He said my first thought, showing the clearness of his knowledge and that this thought had been lingering in his mind, he knew what he was doing. Frankenstein didnt need to know about the murderer, because he indirectly was the murderer, through the circumstances he created for the monster, as I mentioned briefly before. Which is why he paused half way through his thought and realis ed he was exactly who the murderer was, even though he blamed the creature.Frankensteins reason for creating the creature was his interest in his studies, which led him to the idea of bettering mankind. Victor thought he was doing a service to humanity by creating a new human.A new species would bless me as its creator and source many happy and excellent natures would owe their be to me. I might in process of time (although I now found it impossible) renew life where stopping point had apparently devoted the body to corruption. This quote shows his ego behind these plans. He wanted to keep down death, something the average human could not do. He wanted this creature to revere him highly by as he was supposedly beautiful and perfect creature.According to him, it may have been acceptable to play the role of god maybe his universe a scientist is why he didnt prize of what was morally correct, and he didnt think of how the society would react to his actions. However, having said th at, he didnt admit his doings to his family, peradventure he knew they wouldnt accept it, or the deaths in the family could have a high weightage in terms of being more important than letting his parents know the truth. If they did know the truth, they wouldnt be happy with him creating the creature.The quote does show that indemnify from the start, Victor had an idea of how he would somewhat be stepping into the shoes of a godlike figure, he outlines the fact that he would be superior, and he would have the power to renew the dead. This proves that he had no innocence, or naivety in terms of knowing precisely what he was doing and what it would lead to.I, the miserable and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on. Is what the creature says after being shunned, on the basis of aesthetics. This shows his faults, and how he was wrong to shun the creature. He may have shunned it because he already conquered death, so in his view, he may have alrea dy obtained the status of god, or a superior power, something no one had achieved. He didnt think about anything past the ugliness of the creature, or his personal benefits. His selfishness is what in the end destroyed him and others as well.The creature he created is more like a project to Frankenstein, his aim is to conquer death, and once he has done so, the project is over. not once does he consider the fact that he has simply given birth to a new human being, with feelings and emotion, a live creature who has to be taught the ways of life as if it is a baby.Frankensteins abandonment of the creature is another factor that proves him guilty, and not an innocent, as shown in the quote I previously mentioned, with the creatures emotions towards being shunned. Its his own fault that the creature comes back saying I may die but first you, my tyrant and tormentor, shall curse the sun that gazes on your misery. look out for I am fearless, and therefore powerful. The creature was depr ived of the companionship, which he could only get from his creator. The creature figures that the only way he can get some attention, is by threatening his creator.This could be compared to a situation with a child and a parent. Frankenstein is somewhat the parent of his creature. His job is to nurture him, but because of his own ego, he runs away. If it were a parent and a child, the child would be defenceless because it hasnt even developed physically, however the creature is an example where he is an uneducated child, with a higher physical strength. Frankensteins creature thinks through intuition, as any child who hasnt learnt anything would do. He doesnt know whats right and wrong, so he doesnt know its wrong to threaten he doesnt know its wrong to kill. Blaming him is like blaming a child for breaking a valuable, such as a vase. You cant blame the child because their knowledge hasnt developed, they havent only learnt. However in the childs case, after making such a mistake, the child would be taught not to do so again, creating a basis of how it is wrong, this does not take place for the creature. It could be argued that the creature should know through Victors fear, but does a child learn anything when it senses fear? No, it anything, it will only learn to keep intimidating.Frankensteins faults of his creation, or you could say his faults in parenting, were completely his responsibility. Frankensteins creature is described as having dark black hair, yellow skin, black lips and eyes sunk into his sockets (Shelly 56). Its quite ironic that Frankenstein feared his own creation, he is the one who hand-picked the features his so called perfect man would have. For him to say breathless horror and disgust filled my philia(56), towards a creation of his own, just shows his tendency towards aesthetics, and how half-witted he is in terms of being accepting, yet how forward he is in terms of doing something new. He is responsible for the way the creature turne d out. This once more, proves his irresponsibility, and his view to the creation as a project. His attitude towards the creature is why he was incapable of acting the right way. He wasnt serious enough, or perhaps he wasnt ready to face negative consequences, seeing as he was a perfectionist.The background Frankenstein created in terms of nurture is what caused his creature to murder. Victor admitted to creating the monster, but he denied that he drove the monster to commit murder. He wouldnt admit to anyone not himself, not his family, that he was the one who allowed the murders to take place. He allowed Clerval, his wife Elizabeth, his associate William and Justines death to take place because he didnt take the blame for his actions. If he had admitted to his actions earlier, less deaths would have been caused, if he had been responsible, and given the creature what it needed, he would not be guilty of four murders.In the end, Frankenstein was at loss of everything close to him, he blamed the monster, but it was his fault. He had a faint idea that it was his fault, although no one could possibly be able to admit to murdering the people close to them. The only way he could be innocent, is for not literally taking a glossa and stabbing his relatives. However the pain he got from his creature was his own fault. Innocence lies in having no sense of guilt for any action of yours, this, Victor did clearly not have. The creature couldnt stop himself from destroying Victor, because Victor couldnt stop himself from creating the creature. The creature was an innocent it only reacted to the actions of society. Victor was guilty in every way.Arrhythmogenic Right Venticular Dysplasia Case spread abroadArrhythmogenic Right Venticular Dysplasia Case ReportArrhythmogenic Right Venticular Dysplasia A Rare case report from tribal zone of Central IndiaDr. Prakash Khunte, Dr. P. Beck, Dr. K. YadavABSTRACTArrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is under diagnose d cardiomyopathy which commonly presents in young adults with ventricular tachycardia or sudden death. It is characterized morbidally by progressive fibrofatty replacement of the myocardium, primarily of the right ventricular free wall. Clinically, it presents with life-threatening malignant ventricular arrhythmias which may lead to sudden death, most often in young people and athletes. ARVD/C is difficult to diagnose, although standardized diagnostic criteria have been proposed, based on the presence of major and minor criteria encompassing electrocardiographic, arrhythmic, morphofunctional, histopathologic, and inheritable factors.Case reportA 30 year male affected role named Heeralal Diwakar R/o Baloda Bazar (C.G.) was admitted in department of Medicine, Intensive cardiac Coronary Unit at Pt. J. N. M. Medical College Dr .B.R.A.M. Hospital Raipur with the complain of palpitation ,dizziness, dyspnea on exertion and left sided chest pain, cough with expectorant distension of a bdomen since 8 days. long-suffering having severe palpitation and dizziness in recent hours.Patients having mistakable complain and admitted two time in hospital in last two year and patient had episode of PSVT and had given DC shock and patient on aspirin,amidaron,metoprolol.There is no family history of sudden cardiac death and any heart disease. Patient was former by occupation and having addiction to tobacco and occasionally alcoholic.On admission patient on general examination pulse -100/min regular.blood pressure was 100/70 mmhg, height -161 cm,weight 58 kg,BMI- 22.39,Iteric ,no cyanosis, dropsy were present .on systemic examination bilateral crepitatition present in infrascapular area ,apex beat present on 5 th intercosta space on midclavicular lines,s1 soft.s2 present,s3,s4 indifferent .No thrill ,murmur,parasternal heave were present.On investigation E.C.G. ST segment elevation seen in lead II,III,aVf, ST segment depression in lead I,Avl,T totter inversion in v1-v6, epsi lon wave in V1-v3. Troponin card test was positive and patient diagnosed as acute inferior wall Myocardial In particle with congestive cardiac failure.Other investigation were random blood sugar was 120 mg/dl, urea 90 mg/dl, creatinine 2 mg/dl,s.billirubin 3.7 mg/dl , direct billirubin 2.3 mg/dl,S.G.O.T S.G.P.T were high,alkaline phosphatase 12877 mg/dl ,sodium 130 mg/dl, potassium 4.9 mg/dl.s. protein 7 g/dl,serum albumin 4 gm/dl,s. cholesterol 114 mg/dl, triglyceride 64 mg/dl,LDL 84 MG/DL,VLDL 13 mg/dl,HDL-17 mg/dl.TLC count were 34000/cumm,Hb 14.5 gm/dl, platelet 222000 /cummX ray chest cardiomegaly was present. On echocardiography Right heart ventricle dilated ,RV wall thickness 4 mm. Right Atrium dilated, severe non hypertensive TR , Right ventricle thinned out ,normal LV systolic function suggestive of Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Patient was advised to continue amiodarone ,aspirin ramipril and has been a characteristic ever since.DISCUSSIONThe name arrhythmoge nic right ventricular dysplasia(ARVD) was coined for the first time in 1978 by Frankand Fontaine. Arrythmogenic right ventricular (RV) cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a cardiomyopathy characterized pathologically by fibrofatty replacement primarily of the RV and clinically by life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in apparently healthy young people. The prevalence of the disease has been estimated at 1 in 5,000 individuals, although this estimate will likely increase as awareness of the condition increases among physicians. Arrythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy is recognized as a cause of sudden death during athletic activity because of its association with ventricular arrhythmias that are provoked by exercise-induced catecholamine discharge. Diagnosis may be difficult because many of the electrocardiographic abnormalities mimic patterns seen in normal children, and the disease often involves only patchy areas of the RV.he prevalence of ARVC in the general population is approximately 1 in 5,0 00 , but the disease is not widely recognized because of the difficulty in making the diagnosis . A familial predilection of the disease has been recognized since 1982 when Marcus et al. described 24 cases of ARVC, two in the same family. Subsequently, several groups have reported familial ARVC, and families with two or more affected individuals have been recognized in Asian, Japanese, Northern European, African and North American populations .GenecticsThe disease is typically inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable penetrance and incomplete expression. The genes responsible for ARVC have not been identified, but seven loci have been mapped to chromosomes 14 (14q23 to q24 and 14q12 to q22), 1 (1q42 to q43), 2 (2q32.1 to q32.2), 3 (3p23) and 10 (10p12 to p14) . The genetic products of these sites have not been easily identified because of incomplete penetrance and expression, age-related expression and difficulties with accurate diagnosis of the disease. Recently, pla koglobin has been identified as the first gene responsible for autosomal recessive ARVC . The gene was identified in Naxos disease where greater than 90% cosegregation of ARVC with cutaneous manifestations, woolly hair and keratodermia, facilitated case identification. Plakoglobin participates in forming cell-to-cell junctions. It is postulated that inadequate cell adherence damages the cardiac cell membranes leading to cell death and fibrofatty replacement.The cardiac ryanodine receptor gene (RyR2) has also recently been implicated in ARVC and offers potential perceptiveness into the association of adrenergically mediated ventricular arrhythmias with this disease. The ryanodine receptor induces calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol . The cardiac ryanodine receptor has also been identified as being responsible for catecholamine-induced ventricular tachycardia . Its skeletal muscle counterpart has been implicated in malignant hyperthermia and central core disease , a congenital myopathy, but the mechanisms by which mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor might mediate fibrofatty myocardial changes are not clear and will likely be the focus of future studies. Despite these advances, genetic analysis for ARVD is not clinically available and is restricted to research laboratories.HistopathologyCharacteristically, the RV in ARVC is replaced with a fibrofatty tissue. Morphologic alterations of ARVC usually begin in the subepicardium or mediomural layers of the RV and progress to the endocardium with fibrofatty replacement of myocytes and thinning of the wall. The regions of RV most frequently involved are the RV inflow area, the apex and the infundibulum. These three areas form the triangle of dysplasia . However, microscopic amounts of fat are present in the epicardial layer and within the RV myocardium in normal subjects.EtiologyIn addition to a genetic cause of ARVC, disontogenetic, degenerative, infectious or inflammatory ( apop totic and myocyte transdifferentiation theories have been proposed either as the cause of or as environmental factors facilitating gene expression.The disontogenetic theory is largely historical but suggests that ARVC is a milder form of parchment RV or Uhls anomaly a congenital hypoplasia of the RV myocardium, which presents in infancy as congestive heart failure (CHF) .The degenerative theory suggests that ARVC is a consequence of myocyte death due to an inherited metabolic or ultrastructural defect. A possible defect has been mapped to chromosome l4q23 to q24 . This area encodes for the important actinin gene, which shares structural homology with the amino terminal domain of dystrophin. This finding supports the concept of a genetically determined atrophy similar to that in patients with Duchennes or Beckers muscular dystrophy. Some have suggested that ARVC should be considered as a myocardial dystrophy Furthermore, skeletal muscle involvement has been reported in a Swedish fam ily with ARVC, and the defect has been tentatively localized to chromosome 10q22.3The infectious or inflammatory theory maintains that the disease results from previous myocarditis. Inflammatory infiltrates are common in histologic specimens from patients with ARVC electrocardiogramThe ECG in patients with ARVD/C usuallyshows sinus rhythm, QRS term 110 ms in lead V1, a terminal deection within or at the end of the QRS complex (called epsilon wave) in leads V1V3 (30% of patients), and inversion of T waves in the right precordial leads (50%70% of patients). Complete right bunch together branch plosive is found in approximately 15% of patients and incomplete right bundle branch pile in 18% of patients with ARVD/C. In the presence of right bundle branch block pattern, selective extension service of the QRS duration in leads V1V3 compared with lead V6 (25 ms, parietal block) is an important hallmark of ARVD/C. . Additional ECG markers have been reported, such as the ratio of QRS dura tion in leads V1V2V3 vs V4V5V6 1.2 and a prolonged S wave upstroke in V1V3 55 ms in the absence of right bundle branch block. Arrhythmia Left bundle branch block type VT on ECG, Holter monitoring, or during exercise testing Extrasystoles of more than 200 over a 24-h period.Echocardiographymild to utter(a) dilatation and lessening of right ventricular ejection fraction with no (or only mild) left ventricular impairment Localised right ventricular aneurysms (akinetic or dyskinetic areas with diastolic bulging) Severe segmental dilatation of the right ventricle.Radioisotope techniquesRadionuclide angiography, by showing abnormal right ventricular function with left ventricular involvement, is usefulfor predicting subsequent cardiac death in ARVD/C.Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy allows noninvasive assessment of right ventricular damage in patients with arrhythmias due to ARVD/C This technique may distinguish patients with ARVD/C from those with idiopathic right ventricular outow tr act tachycardiasCardiovascular magnetic tintinnabulation imagingThis modality allows visualization of the right ventricle, not only anatomically and morphologically but also in functional and ow dynamic terms. Functional ab normalities consist of right ventricular aneurysms, regional thinning, right ventricular dilation, failure of systolic thickening, and impaired planetary and diastolic right ventricularfunction.Clinical presentationThe clinical presentation varies widely because ARVD/C includes a spectrum of different conditions rather than a single identity. Different pathologic processes may manifest a diversity of symptoms, such as fatigue, atypical chest pain,syncope, or acute coronary syndrome .ARVD/C is a disease that may have a temporal progression, and the disease may present differently according to the time of presentation There may be (1) a symptomatic form with transient or sustained ventricular tachycardia of left bundle branch block configuration, although right b undle branch block configuration also can be observed (2) an asymptomatic form consisting of ventricular ectopic beats (1,000/24 hours) (3) right ventricular failure with or without arrhyth mias and (4) a draped form in which sudden death, usuallyduring exercise, is the first clinical presentation. Overall, judging the accurate position of the patient on the time scale of the spectrum is difficult, and some patients may go along stable for several decades.DiagnosisA definite diagnosis of ARVD/C is based on histologic demonstration of transmural fibrofatty replacement of right ventricular myocardium at either autopsy or surgery.In 1994, McKenna et al established the criteria for diagnosing ARVD/C in a Task Force report on ARVD/CCriteria for Diagnosis of ARVD/C1. Family historyMajorFamilial disease confirmed at necropsy or surgery.MinorFamily history of premature sudden death (,35 years of age) due tosuspected ARVD/C.Family history (clinical diagnosis based on present criteria).2. E CG depolarization/conduction abnormalitiesMajorEpsilon waves or localized prolongation (.110 ms) of QRS complex inright precordial leads (V1V3).MinorLate potentials on signal-averaged ECG.3. ECG repolarization abnormalitiesMinorInverted T waves in right precordial leads (V2 and V3) in people. 12years of age and in absence of right bundle branch block.4. ArrhythmiasMinorSustained or nonsustained left bundle branch blocktype ventriculartachycardia documented on ECG or Holter monitoring or duringexercise testing.Frequent ventricular extrasystoles (.1000/24 h on Holter monitoring).5. spherical or regional dysfunction and structural alterations*MajorSevere dilatation and reduction of RV ejection fraction with no or mildLV involvement.Localized RV aneurysms (akinetic or dyskinetic areas with diastolicbulgings). Severe segmental dilatation of RV.MinorMild global RV dilatation or ejection fraction reduction with normal LV.Mild segmental dilatation of RV.Regional RV hypokinesia.6. Tissue ch aracteristics of wallsMajorFibrofatty replacement of myocardium on endomyocardial biopsy.*Detected by echocardiography, angiography, magnetic resonance imaging,or radionuclide scintigraphy.Modified from McKenna et al.TherapyBecause clinical findings that predict long-term outcomeof patients with ARVD/C are incompletely known, no precise guidelines exist to select patients who should be treated with b-blockers, antiarrhythmic drug drugs, or a Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. r. Management of patients with ARVD/C is individualized, and strategies are based on local experience of the different centers.ReferencesSiddiq I. Khalil), Amjad Kamal, Shakeel Ahmad Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Almana General Hospital, PO disaster 10366,Jubail 31961, Saudi Arabia. Eur J Echocardiography (2004) 5, 394e398.Carol Gemayel, MD* Antonio Pelliccia, MD Paul D Thompson, MD J Am Coll Cardiol. 200138(7)1773-1781.doi10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01654-0.Cristina Basso, Domenico Corrado, Frank I Ma rcus, Andrea Nava, Gaetano Thiene Lancet 2009 373 12891300 University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy. Philippine Kis, MD, Marianne Bootsma, MD, PhD, Jeroen Bax, MD, PhD,Martin J. Schalij, MD, PhD, Ernst E. van der Wall, MD, PhD Heart Rhythm, Vol 3, No 2, February 2006,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.Domenico Corrado, Guy Fontaine, Frank I. Marcus, William J. McKenna, Andrea Nava, Gaetano Thiene and Thomas Wichter, Circulation. 2000101e101-e106, doi 10.1161/01.CIR.101.11.e101Frank R, Fontaine G. Electrocardiologie de quatre cas de dysplasia ventriculaire droite arythmogene. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 197871963972.Rampazzo A, Nova A, Malacrida S, Beffagua G, Bauce B, Rossi V, et al. Mutation in human desmoplakin domain binding to plakoglobin causes a dominant form of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Am J Hum Genet 200271(5)1200e6Bauce B, Rampazzo A, Basso C, Bagattin A, Daliento L, Tiso N, et al. Screening of ryanodine re ceptor type 2 mutations in families with effort induced polymorphic ventricular rhythmias and sudden death early diagnosis of asymptomatic carrier. JACC 200240(2)341e9.

Research Outline: Effects of DV on Children

Research Outline Effects of DV on ChildrenThis dissertation will examine the evidence for the convey that take concerning home(prenominal) help vehemence causes serious and lasting harm to children. As it would not be feasible to conduct primary look into on this topic at the researchers current level of training, given the significant ethical issues involved in working with children and families in this context, it will consist of an extensive critical review of the writings on this topic. This body of evidence will be authoritative eachy reviewed to establish the current state of knowledge regarding The strength of the link between exposure to national delirium and childrens Trauma symptoms Development Social process Internalising (eg. depression) Externalising (eg. aggression, disruptive behaviour) Academic performance The existence of mediating or moderating particularors determining the level of damage caused by witnessing domestic violence, including Temperament So cial support Genetic factors The prevalence of exposure to domestic violence in childhood.Preliminary review of the literatureThe prevalence of childhood exposure to domestic violenceIntimate partner violence is disturbingly common in the UK an abstract of recent data gathered by the NHS for unlike purposes found a lifetime prevalence rate of some experience of domestic violence of 13-31% among the general population of British women (Feder et al, 2009). In the US, Dong et al found (2004) that 24% of respondents (n = 2,081) indicated that they had been exposed to domestic violence while under the age of 18. These figures indicate that a high proportion of children will, at at least(prenominal) some point, witness acts of violence between (most commonly) their pargonnts or caregivers in the home or another family setting. However, the usefulness of lifetime prevalence figures like this in assessing the hearty impact of domestic violence on children is rather questionable these r esults do not distinguish adequately between individuals who witnessed a single incident, or very infrequent mild violence, and those who were repeatedly exposed to serious violence. More detailed data is required to address the question of how common prolonged exposure very is.A further problem with the analysis of data for the prevalence of childrens exposure to domestic violence is the high level of co-occurrence with other forms of maltreatment. A expectant US study (3,777 males and 4,411 females) found that 12.3% of men (n = 482) and 15.9% of women (n = 703 chi square of difference 15.9, p Witnessing parental aggression its effects on child development at that place is strong evidence that aggression and violence between the childs parents or caregivers can have serious negative consequences even if the child is too young to deduce in particular, it has been suggested, very reasonably, that domestic violence negatively impacts the quality of maternal care as poor managemen t of emotions and conflicts may transfer from the couple kindred to the mother-infant wholeness (eg. Krisknakumar Buehler, 2000). Indeed, women who are in violently abusive relationships may even express more negative attributions about their unborn child while expectant (Theran, Levendosky, Bogat, and Huth-Bocks, 2005), creating the conditions for an emotionally distant parenting style which can lead to a poor attachment between mother and infant. Of four studies of children aged 3-6 reviewed by Wolfe et al (2003), all but one found moderate to strong effects on internalizing and externalizing symptoms as a consequence of witnessing domestic violence Levendosky et al. (2002) also found a significant level of post-traumatic stress dis swan (PTSD) symptoms in a similar population, and Bogat and her colleagues described clinically significant trauma symptoms in one-year-old infants exposed to family violence (2006). Interestingly, however, in a sample of 7865 British children aged 5-16, Meltzer and his colleagues found that Witnessing severe domestic violence almost tripled the likelihood of children having conduct disorder but was not separately associated with emotional disorders (2009491). The motion-picture show is yet further complicated by the finding that at least some mothers who suffer domestic violence in fact appear to compensate for this in ways which increase their availability to their children, showing heightened sensitivity and responsiveness (Letourneau, Fedick and Willms, 2007649).Domestic violence and adolescent outcomesGiven the complexity of the picture of the effect of witnessing domestic violence (and of having a caregiver who is a victim or perpetrator of it) which has already emerged, it is to be expected that the impact of this form of maltreatment on the eventual outcomes of children who are affected by it will also be far from easy to determine. High levels of conduct disorder and other adaption and attitudinal problems in the a dolescent children of battered women have been extensively described (Fantuzzo et al, 1991 Holden and Ritchie, 1991, and numerous later studies) these conduct problems have, however, bee n found to be amenable to interventions to improve mothers protest support, and management of their children (eg. Jouriles et al, 2001). McFarlane and her colleagues found, worryingly, that in a sample of 330 children (including black, white and hispanic ethnicities), the mean internalizing behavior score for boys 6-11as well as girls and boys 12-18of abused mothers were not significantly several(predicate) from the clinical referral norms (2003202), suggesting that the impact of witnessing serious domestic violence is enough to lead to clinically significant symptoms including suicidality and self-harming behaviours in adolescents. This indicates that, although the mechanisms by which it causes such great damage are as yet unclear, witnessing domestic violence which is either serious or prolong ed needs to be treated as a major traumatic incident in a childs life. However, the prevalence of exposure like this is so great that intervening in the vast majority of cases where harm is being caused would be impossible we are, furthermore, learning ever more about the factors which determine whether or not these experiences take a lasting toll, both biological and social.Domestic violence and the biology of traumaWhile only a small fraction of the children who suffer maltreatment are, as it were, fortunate enough only to witness domestic violence and not be subject to other forms of maltreatment, even in these cases evidence has been found that both hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system functioning were found to differ between children exposed to domestic violence and comparison children (Saltzman, Holden and Holahan, 2005), suggesting that exposure to this form of trauma has lasting biological as well as emotional consequences. While the exact effec t of the kinds of changes which Saltzman and his colleagues found on later functioning is unknown, findings like this give cause for serious concern that exposure to domestic violence in early life may have consequences which include functional, particularly social, impairments which are difficult (although not impossible) to overcome. They may, too, have long term health effects the prolonged effects of biological stress responses observed in PTSD sufferers have been linked to a variety of serious chronic illnesses (Boscarino, 2008), suggesting that children who witness violence may be at risk of ill health long after their exposure itself has ended. Future research seems likely to confirm that the hypersensitivity to communicatory conflict displayed by the one-year-old (ie. pre-verbal) infants studied by DeJonghe and her colleagues (2005) has a neural basis this high level of sensitivity may itself predispose individuals who were exposed to domestic violence as young children to displaying high levels of arousal in conflict situations, contributing to the emergence of aggression and conduct problems in later life.Rationale for undertaking this researchIt is clear from the preliminary review of the literature which has been presented above that exposure to domestic violence is a serious child welfare issue it affects a titanic number of children, is frequently combined with other forms of maltreatment, and has been shown to have long-term negative effects on both psychosocial functioning and, more tentatively, on physical health. As such there is an obvious rationale for assessing the current state of research into this topic there is now a large volume of work on this issue, although it has only been explored empirically since the 1980s, and new techniques such as the use of biomarkers and neuroimaging continue to add dramatically to our understanding of the risks and mechanisms of harm associated with witnessing domestic violence. Producing a broad syste matic review of the aspects of this topic of greatest relevance to social policy and professional social work practice will help to inform responses to this grave scourge to the wellbeing of thousands of children in the UK, and contribute to the formulation of effective responses to the challenges which family violence poses today.Outline research strategyAs has been mentioned above, the research strategy which will be choose here is that of a critical review of the literature, based on a structure search of major journal databases. This strategy is the most appropriate one due in part to the challenges of conducting experimental or observational research in families where domestic violence occurs given the researchers lack of training in managing the care and welfare of vulnerable children and adults, a methodology of this kind would not be appropriate. As such, an approach which does not pose these ethical and practical problems has been adopted.A structured literature search m ethodology will be used to search the PUBMED, OVID and Web of Science databases the terms used will be selected in order to identify literature which deals primarily with exposure to violence without the copresence of other forms of maltreatment. Due to the broad scope of this review, a meta-analytic approach would not be appropriate where appropriate, meta-analyses of studies on this topic will be included, along with discussion of the individual studies included in them. Particular attention will be given to critical analysis of the effectiveness of the studies attempts to exclude the effect of confounding variables, including exposure to other forms of maltreatment and verbal aggression in the home, social factors and other issues.

The features of the United States Dollar

The features of the fall in States DollarThe token $, usually written out front the numerical amount, is used for the U.S. vaulting horse (as well as for m each other currencies). The signs ultimate origins atomic number 18 not certain, though it is possible that it comes from the Pillars of Hercules which flank the Spanish Coat of arms on the Spanish genius dollar flyers that were minted in the New universe mints in Mexico City, Potos, Bolivia, and in Lima, Peru. These Pillars of Hercules on the silver Spanish dollar discovers take the form of two vertical prohibit and a swinging cloth band in the shape of an S.An equally accepted, and better documented, explanation is that this symbol for peso was the result of a late eighteenth-century developing of the scribal abbreviation ps. The p and the s eventually came to be written over each other giving rise to $.A fictional possibility suggested is that the dollar sign is the capital letters U and S typed one on top of the ot her. This theory, popularized by novelist Ayn Rand in Atlas Shrugged 23, does not consider the fact that the symbol was already in use before the formation of the unify States. get together States one-dollar measuring ($1)Diagram shoes the obverse of the $1 billThe United States one-dollar bill ($1) is the some common surname of US currency. The first president, George capital of the United States, painted by Gilbert Stuart, is currently have on the obverse, piece of music the Great Seal of the United States is have on the raise. The one-dollar bill has the second oldest design of all U.S. currency currently being produced, subsequently the two-dollar bill. The obverse percolaten at once debuted in 1963 when the $1 bill first became a federal declare Note.The inclusion of In God We Trust on all currency was required by law in 1955. The national motto first appeared on paper money in 1957.An individual dollar bill is in any case slight formally known as a one, a single o r a bone. The actors assistant of Engraving and Printing says the average breeding of a $1 bill in circulation is 21 months before it is replaced referable to wear. Approximately 45% of all U.S. currency produced today is one-dollar bills. All $1 bills produced today are federal official allow for Notes. One-dollar bills are delivered by federal coyness Banks in blue straps.Diagram shows purloin of the $1 billObverse of current $1 billDetail of the Treasury Seal as it appears on a $1 billThe portrait of George Washington is displayed in the center of the obverse of the one-dollar bill, as it has been since the 1869 design. The oval containing George Washington is propped up by bunches of Bay Laurel leaves.To the left of George Washington is the federal Reserve District Seal. The name of the national Reserve Bank that issued the lower encircles a capital letter, (A-L), identifying it among the twelve Federal Reserve Banks. The sequential figure of speech of the bank, (1 A, 2 B, etc.), is also displayed in the four corners of the open distance on the bill. Until the redesign of the higher denominations of currency beginning in 1996, this seal was found on all denominations of Federal Reserve Notes. Since and so it is solely present on the $1 and $2 assembly lines, with the higher denominations altogether displaying a universal Federal Reserve System seal, and the bank letter and subprogram beneath the serial number.To the refine of George Washington is the Treasury Department seal. The balancing scales represent justice. The chevron with thirteen stars represents the current thirteen colonies. The key below the chevron represents authority and trust 1789 is the year that the Department of the Treasury was established.Below the FRD seal (to the left of George Washington) is the signature of the Treasurer of the U.S., which once in a while varies, and below the USDT Seal (right side) is the Secretary of the Treasurys signature. To the left of t he Secretarys signature is the serial date. A impudently series date will result from a change in the Secretary of the Treasury, the Treasurer of the United States, and/or a change to the notes appearance such as a virgin currency design. On the edges are olive branches entwined around the 1s.Reverse of current $1 billPresident Franklin Roosevelts conditional approval of the one-dollar bills design in 1935, requiring that the appearance of the sides of the Great Seal be reversed, and together, captioned.The reverse of the one-dollar bill has an ornate design which incorporates both sides of the Great Seal of the United States to the left and right of the word ONE. This word appears prominently in the white plaza at the center of the bill in a capitalized, shadowed, and seriffed type facial gesture. A smaller image of the word ONE is superimposed over the numeral 1 in each of the four corners of the bill.THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA spans the top of the bill, ONE DOLLAR is emblaz oned along the bottom, and above the central ONE are the words IN paragon WE TRUST, which became the official motto of the United States in 1956. Below the reverse of the Great Seal on the left side of the bill are the words THE majuscule SEAL, and below the obverse on the right side are the words OF THE UNITED STATES. Both reverse and obverse of the Great Seal contain symbols of historical, political, religious, and numerological significance.The Great Seal, earlier designed in 1782 and added to the dollar bills design in 1935, is surrounded by an elaborate floral design. The renderings used were the typical official government versions used since the 1880s.The reverse of the seal on the left features a barren landscape dominated by an unfinished pyramid of 13 steps, topped by the Eye of prudence within a triangle. At the base of the pyramid are engraved the Roman numerals MDCCLXXVI (1776), the date of American independence from Britain. At the top of the seal stands a Latin p hrase, ANNUIT COEPTIS, meaning He (God) favors our undertaking. At the bottom of the seal is a semicircular banner proclaiming NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM meaning New Order of the Ages, which is a reference to the spick-and-span American era. To the left of this seal, a string of 13 pearls extends toward the edge of the bill.The obverse of the seal on the right features a bald eagle, the national bird and symbol of the United States. Above the eagle is a radiant cluster of 13 stars arranged in a six-pointed star. The eagles breast is covered by a heraldic guard with 13 stripes that resemble those on the American flag. As on the first US flag, the stars and stripes stand for the 13 original states of the union. The eagle holds a ribbon in its beak reading E PLURIBUS UNUM, a Latin phrase meaning Out of many states, one nation, a de facto motto of the United States (and the only one until 1956). In its left talons the eagle holds 13 arrows, and in its right talons it holds an olive branch wi th 13 leaves and 13 olives, representing, respectively, the powers of war and peace. To the right of this seal, a string of 13 pearls extends toward the edge of the bill.ConspiracyThe symbology of the Great Seal of the United States, and its subsequent use on the dollar bill ( particularly the pyramid and the Eye of sparing above the pyramid) are popular topics among conspiracy theorists. Conspiracy theorists are of the opinion that much of the symbolism involves occultism. For typeface, because the Eye of scrimping above the unfinished pyramid is resembling to the ancient Egyptian Eye of Horus, a charm, relating to the Pagan/Egyptian sky-god Horus which symbolized that worshipers will be protected and given royal powers from Pagan deities. In fact, Eye of Providence was a common Christian emblem symbolizing the Trinity throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Conspiracy theorists also note that the unfinished pyramid has thirteen steps (or that some other element of the Seal poesy thirteen), and are of the opinion that the number 13 has conspiratorial significance. The explanation for the repetition of the number thirteen is that this number represents the original thirteen colonies which became the first thirteen states.United States two-dollar bill ($2)The United States two-dollar bill ($2) is a current denomination of U.S. currency. Former U.S. President Thomas Jefferson is have on the obverse of the note. The reverse features an engraved modified reproduction of the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull.The bill was discontinued in 1966, but was reintroduced 10 years later as part of the United States Bicentennial celebrations. Today, however, it is rarely seen in circulation and actual use. Production of the note is the lowest of U.S. paper money less than 1% of all notes currently produced are $2 bills. This comparative scarcity in circulation, coupled with a lack of public awareness that the bill is unchanging in circulatio n, has also inspired urban legends and, on a few occasions, created problems for people trying to use the bill to make purchases.Throughout the $2 bills pre-1928 heart as a large-sized note, it was issued as a United States Note, National Bank Note, Silver Certificate, and Treasury or HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_(Coin)_NoteHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_(Coin)_NoteCoinHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_(Coin)_NoteHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_(Coin)_Note Note. When U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note. After United States Notes were discontinued, the $2 bill later began to be issued as a Federal Reserve Note.United States five-dollar bill ($5)The United States five-dollar bill ($5) is a denomination of United States currency. The $5 bill currently features U.S. President Abraham Lincolns portrait on the front and the Lincoln Memorial on the back. All $5 bill s issued today are Federal Reserve Notes. Five dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in red straps.The $5 bill is sometimes nicknamed a fin. The term has German/Yiddish roots and is remotely related to the English five, but it is far less common today than it was in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.The thorax of Engraving and Printing says the average life of a $5 bill in circulation is 16 months before it is replaced referable to wear. Approximately 9 percent of all paper currency produced by the U.S. Treasurys Bureau of Engraving and Printing today are $5 bills.United States ten-dollar bill ($10)The United States ten-dollar bill ($10) is a denomination of United States currency. The first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, is currently have on the obverse of the bill, while the U.S. Treasury is featured on the reverse. (Hamilton is one of two non-presidents featured on currently issued U.S. bills. The other is Benjamin Franklin, on the $ hund red HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_one_hundred-dollar_billbill. In addition to this, Hamilton is the only person featured on U.S. currency who was not born in the continental United States, as he was from the West Indies.) All $10 bills issued today are Federal Reserve Notes.The Bureau of Engraving and Printing says the average life of a $10 bill in circulation is 18 months before it is replaced due to wear. Approximately 11% of all newly printed US banknotes are $10 bills. Ten dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in yellow straps.The source of the face on the $10 bill is John Trumbulls 1805 portrait of Hamilton that belongs to the portrait collection of New York City Hall. The $10 bill is the only U.S. paper currency in circulation in which the portrait faces to the left (the $100,000 bill features a portrait of Woodrow Wilson facing to the left, but was used only for intra-government transactions).United States twenty-dollar bill ($20)The United States twenty-dollar bill ($20) is a denomination of United States currency. U.S. President Andrew Jackson is currently featured on the front side of the bill, which is why the twenty-dollar bill is very much called a Jackson, while the unclouded House is featured on the reverse side.The twenty-dollar bill in the past was referred to as a double-sawbuck because it is twice the value of a ten-dollar bill, which was nicknamed a sawbuck due to the resemblance the Roman numeral for ten (X) bears to the legs of a sawbuck, although this usage had largely fallen out of favor by the 1980s.1 The twenty dollar gold coin was known as a double eagle. Rather than a nickname, this nomenclature was specified by an act of Congress.The Bureau of Engraving and Printing says the average circulation life of a $20 bill is 25 months (2 years) before it is replaced due to wear. Approximately 22% of all notes printed today are $20 bills. Twenty-dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in viol et straps.United States fifty-dollar bill ($50)The United States fifty-dollar bill ($50) is a denomination of United States currency. Ulysses S. Grant is currently featured on the obverse, while the U.S. Capitol is featured on the reverse. All $50 bills issued today are Federal Reserve Notes.The Bureau of Engraving and Printing says the average life of a $50 bill in circulation is 55 months before it is replaced due to wear. Approximately 5% of all notes printed today are $50 bills. They are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in brown straps. A fifty dollar bill is sometimes called a Grant based on the use of Ulysses S. Grants portrait on the bill.Andrew Jacksons actions toward the inwrought Americans as a general, as well as during his Presidency, have led some historians to question the suitability of Jacksons depiction on the twenty-dollar bill. Howard Zinn, for instance, identifies Jackson as a leading exterminator of Indians, and notes how the public commemoration of Jackson o bscures this part of American history.Those opposed to Central Banking point out the irony of Andrew Jackson on a Federal Reserve Note. Jackson spent much of his Presidency fighting against the Bank of the United States, which was at that time the government sanctioned Federal Bank.An telecommunicate emerged after the events of 9/11 which alleged that folding the twenty-dollar bill a certain way produced images appearing to be 9/11 related (specifically the World Trade Center and the Pentagon burning).9United States one hundred-dollar bill ($100)The United States one hundred-dollar bill ($100) is a denomination of United States currency. The redesigned $100 bill was unveiled on April 21, 2010, and the Federal Reserve Board will begin issuing the new bill on February 10, 2011. U.S. statesman, inventor, and diplomat Benjamin Franklin is currently featured on the obverse of the bill. On the reverse of the banknote is an image of Independence Hall.The time on the clock according to the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, shows approximately 410. The numeral four on the clock face is incorrectly written as IV whereas the real Independence Hall clock face has IIII. (See Roman numerals in clocks.) The bill is one of two current notes that do not feature a President of the United States the other is the United States ten-dollar bill, featuring Alexander Hamilton. It is the largest denomination that has been in circulation since July 14, 1969, when the higher denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000 and $100,000 were retired. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing says the average life of a $100 bill in circulation is 60 months (5 years) before it is replaced due to wear. Approximately 7% of all notes produced today are $100 bills.The bills are also commonly referred to as Benjamins in reference to the use of Benjamin Franklins portrait on the denomination. They are also often referred to as C-Notes based on the Roman numeral C which means 100.One hundred-dolla r bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in mustard-colored straps ($10,000).The Series 2009 $100 bill redesign was unveiled on April 21, 2010 and will be issued to the public on February 10, 2011.Federal Reserve NoteA Federal Reserve Note is a type of banknote. Federal Reserve Notes are printed by the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing on paper made by Crane HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane__Co.HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane__Co. Co. of Dalton, Massachusetts. They are the only type of U.S. banknote that is still produced today and they should not be confused with Federal Reserve Bank Notes.Federal Reserve Notes are authentic by Section 411 of Title 12 of the United States Code. They are issued to the Federal Reserve Banks at the discretion of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The notes are then issued into circulation by the Federal Reserve Banks. When the notes are issued into circulation they become liabilities of the Federal Reserve Banks and obligations of the United States.Federal Reserve Notes are fiat currency, with the words this note is jural tender for all debts, public and private printed on each note. (See generally 31 U.S.C.5103.) They have replaced United States Notes, which were once issued by the Treasury Department.Various Federal Reserve Notes, c.1995. Only the designs of the $1 and $2 (not pictured) are still in print.The New $100 BillThe redesigned $100 bill was unveiled on April 21, 2010, and the Federal Reserve Board will begin issuing the new note on February 10, 2011. The redesigned $100 note incorporates a number of security features, including two new advanced features, the 3-D Security Ribbon and the Bell in the Inkwell. It offers a simple and subtle way to verify that a new $100 note is real. These security features were developed to make it easier to authenticate the note and more difficult for counterfeiters to replicate. there are several new security features as s tated below3-D Security Ribbon Look for a blue ribbon on the front of the note. Tilt the note back and forth while counselling on the blue ribbon. You will see the bells change to 100s as they move. When you tilt the note back and forth, the bells and 100s move side to side. If you tilt it side to side, they move up and down. The ribbon is woven into the paper, not printed on it.Bell in the Inkwell Look for an image of a color-shifting bell, inside a copper-colored inkwell, on the front of the new $100 note. Tilt it to see the bell change from copper to green, an effect which makes the bell seems to appear and disappear within the inkwell.Additional Design and Security Features triplet highly effective security features from the older design have been retained and updated in the new $100 note. Several additional features have been added to protect the unity of the new $100 note.Portrait Watermark Hold the note to light and look for a faint image of Benjamin Franklin in the blank s pace to the right of the portrait.Security Thread Hold the note to light to see an embedded thread running vertically to the left of the portrait. The thread is imprinted with the letters regular army and the numeral 100 in an alternating pattern and is visible from both sides of the note. The thread glows pink when illuminated by ultraviolet light.Color-Shifting 100 Tilt the note to see the numeral 100 in the lower right corner of the front of the note shift from copper to green.Raised Printing Move your sense up and down Benjamin Franklins shoulder on the left side of the note. It should feel rough to the touch, a result of the enhanced intaglio printing adjoin used to create the image. Traditional raised printing can be felt throughout the $100 note, and gives genuine U.S. currency its distinctive texture.Gold 100 Look for a large gold numeral 100 on the back of the note. It helps those with visual impairments distinguish the denomination.Micro printing Look carefully to see t he small printed words which appear on Benjamin Franklins jacket collar, around the blank space containing the portrait watermark, along the golden quill, and in the note borders.FW forefinger The redesigned $100 notes printed in Fort Worth, Texas, will have a small FW in the top left corner on the front of the note to the right of the numeral 100. If a note does not have an FW indicator, it was printed in Washington, D.C.Federal Reserve Indicator A universal seal to the left of the portrait represents the full(a) Federal Reserve System. A letter and number beneath the left serial number identifies the issuing Federal Reserve Bank. There are 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks and 24 branches located in major cities throughout the United States.Serial Numbers The unique combination of eleven numbers and letters appears twice on the front of the bill. Because they are unique identifiers, serial numbers help law enforcement identify counterfeit notes, and they also help the Bureau of Engraving and Printing track quality standards for the notes they produce.Large Denominations of United States CurrencyToday, the base currency of the United States is the U.S. dollar, and is printed on bills in denominations of $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. At one time, however, it also included five larger denominations. High-denomination currency was prevalent from the very beginning of U.S. Government issue (1861). $500, $1,000, $5,000, and $10,000 interest bearing notes were issued in 1861, and $5,000 and $10,000 United States Notes were released in 1878 There are many different designs and types of high-denomination notes.The high-denomination bills were issued in a small size in 1929, along with the $1 through $100 denominations. The designs were as follows, along with their 1929 equivalents in current purchasing power (except for the $100,000 bill, which uses the 1934 equivalent)$1,000 Grover Cleveland, equal to $12,700 in 2010 dollars$5,000 James Madison, equal to $6 3,500 in 2010 dollars$10,000 Salmon P. Chase, equal to $127,000 in 2010 dollarsThe reverse designs abstract scrollwork with ornate denomination identifiers. All were printed in green, except for the $100,000. The $100,000 is an odd bill, in that it was not generally issued, and printed only as a gold certificate of Series of 1934. These gold certificates (of denominations $100, $1,000, $10,000, and $100,000) were issued after the gold standard was repealed and gold was compulsorily purchased by presidential order of Franklin Roosevelt on March 9, 1933 (see United States Executive Order 6102), and thus were used only for intra-government transactions. They are printed in orange on the reverse. This series was discontinued in 1940. The other bills are printed in black and green as shown by the $10,000 example (pictured at right). Although they are still technically legal tender in the United States, high-denomination bills were last printed in 1945 and officially discontinued on July 14, 1969, by the Federal Reserve System.1 The $5,000 and $10,000 effectively disappeared well before then there are only about two hundred $5,000 bills, and three hundred $10,000 bills known, of all series since 1861. Of the $10,000 bills, 100 were preserved for many years by Benny Binion, the owner of BinionHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binions_HorseshoeHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binions_Horseshoes Horseshoe casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, where they were displayed encased in acrylic. The display has since been dismantled and the bills were interchange to private collectors.The Federal Reserve began taking high-denomination bills out of circulation in 1969. As of May 30, 2009, there were only 336 of the $10,000 bills in circulation 342 remaining $5,000 bills and 165,372 $1,000 bills still being used.2 collectible to their rarity, collectors will pay considerably more than the face value of the bills to acquire them.For the most part, these bills were used by banks and the Federal Government for large financial transactions. This was especially true for gold certificates from 1865 to 1934. However, the introduction of the electronic money system has made large-scale capital transactions obsolete when combined with concerns about counterfeiting and the use of cash in unlawful activities such as the illegal drug trade, it is unlikely that the U.S. government will re-issue large denomination currency in the near future. tally to the US Department of Treasury website, The present denominations of our currency in production are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Neither the Department of the Treasury nor the Federal Reserve System has any plans to change the denominations in use today.

The Most Diverse Nation is the World :: Ethnic Backgrounds Ethnicity Cultural Essays

The Most Diverse Nation is the World When I lived in Japan and talked with my friends about Americans, I had a strong impression that my friends envisage the average American is white. Of course they realize that there are many other ethnic groups in the U.S. but they do not realize the square extent of racial diversity in America. In their minds, an average American has white skin, a tall nose, long legs, wide eyes, and a muscular body. So I wondered what could sport led them to this image of the average American. Then I realized that the description sounds a lot like some cartoon hero. perhaps the American heroes in television set and movies have had a strong impact on creating images of the average American for people in foreign countries. There calculates to be a strong sentiment among people of different races that lay characters with a wide range of ethnic diversity in T.V. shows, cartoons, or movies just to be politically correct is meaningless. There seems cu rrently to be a strong resentment against being politically correct, even among minorities. While I agree that putting characters of different races into T.V. shows or movies may sometimes be unnatural, I dont at all agree that it is meaningless. Think of all the American movie, cartoon or television heroes that you know. You would probably think of Superman, Batman, Indiana Jones, James Bond, G.I.Joe, Rocky, Rambo, X-men, Luke Skywalker, Shaft or Zorro. How many non-white heroes did you come up with? Probably fewer than the number you got for white heroes. This may seem natural considering that the majority of people in the U.S. are white, but there are clearly a larger proportion of white heroic characters in television and movies than in the real American population. In the 1990 census, there were 248,709,873 whites (80.2%) 29,986,060 subdueds (12.1%) 22,354,059 Hispanics (9.0%) and 7,273,662 Asian/Pacific Islanders. (2.9%) This means that for every 6.6 white people there is a black person. Comparing this proportion of white to black American heroes in television or movies, there seems to be a large discrepancy between the human race of reality and the world of imagination. There are many more white heroes than the simple demographic proportion suggests. Then it becomes my suspicion that white people have much more influence on creating these heroes than people of any other race.

Malicious Code :: Essays Papers

Malicious CodeIntroductionThe wind of change came on twenty-sixth March in the form of an email cyclone called Melissa. Moreover, during 1999 numerous changes in the level of computer virus technology were seen, Armstrong (May 2000, p1).From an organisational point of view, societies around the world are notwithstanding learning about the level of importance that computer security against virus attacks and the critical significance of cybercrime. Companies around the world lost vast amounts of time, money and resources imputable to the lack of defense systems and lack of knowledge.Companies must ensure that the all data processing equipment like computers, routers and networks are robust and secure to withstand any vitrine of leering attack.The following report details some of the more common malicious code specifically viruses, explaining some of the damage, which these very powerful viruses can trim back on to any computer that it is not well prepared for this kinds of attacks. Armstrong (July 2000, p1), states that Februarys big story for the information security marketplace was the distri preciselyed denial-of-service attacks, which rendered the likes of Yahoo, eBay, and E*Trade helpless. some recently, news of the LoveBug hit. While statisticians still grapple with the costs associated with recuperating from this newest bugs sting, the latest reports indicate that approximately 90 per cent of networks worldwide were affected. Recovery costs associated with the LoveBug are estimated to prevail from about $600 million upwards to a big $10 billion. Along with all these woes, companies also have to fend off attacks - not only from the outside, but more importantly from inside.Malicious Code - A VirusAccording to Pfleeger (1997, p179) A virus is a program that can pass on malicious code to other nonmalicious programs by modifying them. The term virus arises because the affected program acts like a biological virus modification of good programs is like a vi rus that infects other healthy subjects.In Australia damaging data in a computer carries heavy penalties, according to Carroll (1997, p33) in New South Wales, department 310 of the Crimes Act as amended in 1989 states that a person intentionally and without authority or lawful excuse destroys, alters or erases data, or inserts data, or interrupts or obstructs the lawful use of a computer is liable to ten years of penal servitude or a fine of $100,000 or both .According to Fites, Kratz & Brebner (1989) viruses or worms , program contructions which can degrade an operating system, destroy data files, and do much damage to the information a computer works with.