Is the Tarnished Image of Northeastern Being Rebuilt? :: Journalism Journalistic Essays

Is the Tarnished Image of Northeastern Being Rebuilt?Boston - Northeastern University is expanding its campus and student body more and more every year. Just a few years ago it was just a small commuter school, now it is reaching close to the top 100 Colleges and Universitys in the joined States. The universitys enrollment is now up to over 20,000 students, both undergraduate and graduate students.Everything is not as peachy as it seems. Since 1990, Northeastern University has almost threefold its size. It used to be on just one side of the Orange Line. Now it goes all the way into Roxbury, Mission Hill, and Fenway.Residents in the empyrean are a little angry that Northeastern University is coming into their neighborhood and pushing them around. I havent liked what Northeastern has done ever since they came over the tracks, tell Randall Thomas, 51, a longtime resident physician of Roxbury. In this neighborhood the rents are going up, the students are misbehaving, and the Northeast ern police are hassling long time residents, instead of the students. They direct discipline and Northeastern has to keep them in check, say Thomas. Thomas talked about his years living in Roxbury, which is all 51 years of his life.He said the university has to work with the neighborhood. According to Thomas it is a long standing African-American Community that has its needs and the university should understand that and take that into consideration.According to city housing assessments, the value of real estate has doubled in some areas of Roxbury. The huge demand for property and the universitys growth has made the once poverty stricken area into a hot commodity for the university and real estate investors.One building in the neighborhood on Tremont was listed cost of $265, 500. Predictions for the end of the year 2004 have the estimated worth at about $394,000. That is a significant rise in one year.Northeastern is taking over, their pushing the poor people out, said Kenny Mil ler, 35, and a resident of Roxbury. Roxbury residents fight to get their homes back, the damn condominiums they built, theyre taking over Mission Hill as well.The students are supposed to be our future leaders, they suck. said Thomas, plosive speech sound coming in our neighborhood, pushing us. Who do they think they are? Harvard or MIT?On the contrary, Northeastern University feels that it is working with the neighborhoods to accomplish good for the community as a whole.

How Organism Learn: Classical And Operant Conditioning :: essays research papers fc

How Organism Learn Classical and Operant ConditioningThere are dickens main explanations of how organisms learn. The firstexplanation is cognise as holy conditioning. The second explanation is knownas operant conditioning. These two types of learning are exhibited in oureveryday lives through our home, school, and school.Classical conditioning was discovered by Iran Petrovich Pavlov. He wasoriginally a physiologist whose main focus was the digestive system (Gazzaniga230). His discovery was make during a study on the salivation of dogs whengiven food. Pavlov observed that the dogs began salivating at the sound of thescientists footsteps and at their appearance into the room (231). This ledPavlov to study the phenomenon further.The experiments that Pavlov was originally observing were found on the setof unconditioned input and its unconditioned response. What is meant byconditioned is that the response is automatic and based on instinct. Tocompliment this name the stimulus is kno wn as the unconditioned stimulus (Myers260). With Pavlovs new observations a new set of stimulus and response wasfound. This new set is known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditionedresponse. What is meant by conditioned response here is that the response waslearned. The stimulus begins as neutral and causes no conditioned response.However, if the neutral stimulus can be associated with another stimulus, thenit becomes a conditioned stimulus.Classical conditioning can be exemplified in the home, school, and school.In the home a child could smell brownies bake in the kitchen which makes hermouth water. The brownies are the unconditioned stimulus, the smell is theconditioned stimulus, and the watering of the mouth is the conditioned response(Myers 267-68). In work a man may be waiting to be fired. When he sees hisboss he begins to sweat. The unconditioned stimulus is getting fired, theconditioned stimulus is the sight of the boss, the conditioned response is thesweating. In s chool a boy may be in class when suddenly the fire alarm goes offat which time the boy walks to breathe out the building. The unconditioned stimulus isfear of a fire, the conditioned stimulus is the sound of the alarm, and theconditioned response is the exiting of the building.Operant conditioning is an organisms learning an association between howit behaves and what happens as a result of that behavior (Gazzaniga 244). Thereare some differences between classical and operant conditioning. First, theoperant response has to occur completely spontaneously. In classicalconditioning the conditioned response is drawn from an organism. In operantconditioning the response is delivered by the organism which then awaits the

Good and Evil in Goethes Faust :: Faust Essays

Good and Evil in Faust   In Faust Goethe shows many of his opinions about good, evil, and religion. Goethe uses characters equivalent The Lord and Gretchen in the early part of the play to set examples of goodness. Goethe uses characters like Mephistopheles to substructure for evil. Throughout the play Goethe also uses examples of the church building to show how he feels the church works.             The concept of good for Goethe is that everyone has the ability to be good and that errors in judgment are what make people bad but if a person keeps air these mistakes will bring them closer to righteousness. As long as a person continues to keep moving and doing things they will most likely achieve righteousness. This is shown in the bet between Faust and Mephistopheles. Faust says that if at any time he says, Linger a while Thou art so fair that will be when Faust dies and serves Mephistopheles. This shows that if Faust were to stop wanting to do anything it would be a horrible sin. The Lord which many perceive to stand for God stands for the perfection that Faust is trying to accomplish with his life. Gretchen in the early part of the play stands for perfection because she is inexperienced and knows nothing else until Faust starts to seduce her.             The concept of bad for Goethe can be seen most in the character of Mephistopheles. Mephistopheles is believed to stand for the devil. When he first introduces himself he describes himself as a part of that Power which always wills evil, always procures good.....the Spirit which always denies. Mephistopheles actions such as talking Faust into winning advantage of Gretchen and then telling him to leave her are seen as evil actions. The fact that Mephistopheles spends time with witches which most people see as evil shows that he is also evil. Goethe believes that all people sin sometimes and God forgives us. T his is shown when Gretchen is in prison and after all the sin she has done a voice from heaven grants her salvation. Even though she did sin, most of her sin was because of inexperience and she was not purposely sinning.             Goethe feels that the church and religion are both useless. When Faust leaves Gretchen the first jewels, her mother takes them to the church. The church takes them aspect that they are trying to help, but this can be seen as the church just trying to get money out of them.

Essay --

Abraham Lincoln was an important figure who rose from being an unlearned man, to becoming the 16th president of the United States. Abraham Lincoln is also known for his aim towards ending thraldom. One of Abraham Lincolns political accomplishments was issuing the freedom Proclamation. Before his establishment, Lincoln was not that knowledgeable about the military because he never really had a proper education when he was small. However, Lincolns entire presidency basically took place during the war. On January 1st ,1863, President Abraham Lincoln walked into his office and spotted a document on his desk which was given the prognosticate Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation declared freedom for the slaves in the southern states that were currently fighting against the United States. Lincoln was the one who wrote the first intravenous feeding pages of the original Emancipation Proclamation.He had no doubts of signing this document because he was much aler ted about how important it was to be signed. As Lincoln signed this document, he stated, I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right than I do in signing this paper. Lincolns main goal during his presidency was to keep the United States unified.When word got out in the newspapers that the Proclamation was signed,everyone was excited.Henry Turner, a church minister who waited with a crowd of people at a newspaper office, described what he witnessed when everyone read the paper. He stated that When people saw me coming with the paper in my hand, they raised a shouting cheer I started to read the proclamation but I was out of breath and could not read. Mr. Hinton to whom I handed the paper read it with great force and clearness Men... ...h amendment banned slavery in any place in the United States.So,everyone had freedom.The fourteenth amendment in 1868 made it legal deny any citizens life,liberty, or property unless the righteousness allowed it . Also,th is amendment stated that every citizen has equal security under the law. And finally, the fifteenth amendment stated that it was against the law to forbid any ones rights to vote due to their race, dissimulation or previous enslavement .All in all, The Emancipation Proclamation was the first step towards freedom. Abraham Lincoln certainly played a big portion in letting the United States a slave free environment. Lincoln was a very determined man who believe that slavery was wrong. All of his determination paid off when congress passed three amendments to make sure of the rights of the African Americans. Lincoln is a dynamic figure who was constantly persistent.

Chechnya Essay -- essays research papers

The National AnthemOf ChechnyaDeath or Freedomcame onto this earth when the wolf cubs began to yowl under the she-wolfs feet.Our names were picked for us at day-break while the lion roared.Our gentle m other(a)s nurtured us in our eagle nests.And our fathers taught us to tame the oxen of the forests.Our mothers utilize us to our Nation and our Homeland.And we shall rise up to the last one if our nation needs us.We grew up free as the eagles, princes of the mountains.There is no threshold from which we shall shy away. preferably shall cliffs of granite begin to melt like molten lead than any one of us shall lose in battle the honor of our noble nature.Sooner shall the earth begin to crack in silence from the heat than we shall lie under the earth, having missed our honor.Never to bow our heads to anyone, we give our sacred pledge.To die or to live in freedom is our fate.Our sisters heal our brothers bloody wounds with their songs.Our loving women see us off on our campaigns.If we shall be forced to starve from famine, we shall gnaw the grow of trees.If we shall be deprived of water, we shall drink from the dew of the grass.We came onto this earth when the wolf cubs began to whine under the she-wolfs feet.We pledge our lives to God, our Nation and our Homeland.The methods that Russia has used to deal with the break-away Republic of Chechnya has caught the eye of the being media, and not without good cause. This dynamic portion of the former Soviet Union is seen as a predecessor of things to come from other pieces of the dead communist giant. So many different peoples and cultures were pulled into the grasp of Russia for economic or tactical reasons. Now that Russia is waning in power, these peoples may chose to seize the opportunity to regain their independence, hundreds of years lost in some cases, and reestablish their own ethnic identity.As we will see, Chechnyas history with Russia and the Soviet Union is a long and checkered past. The Chechen people s uffered numerous degradations and humiliations at the hands of their conquerors. Throughout their history the Chechens have attempted in some form to resist the Russians, but clock and time again, the Russians held them down to have access to what they perceived as a key piece of land. It would be absurd to say that the sol... ...rude oil to be processed into fuels. crude continually flowed in from Russia, allowing the Chechens to process it and usually turn around and sell it as their own. Whether oil was legally acquired or not, the Chechens had little difficulty selling it posterior to the Russians, proving that Russians had a hand in sad activity in Chechnya as well.Literally millions of tons of military grade firepower and ammunition, as well as tanks, planes, and other vehicles were hijacked from Russian trains during this time. What the press failed to point out at this time was that Yeltsin never rerouted the trains, and no investigation went into discovering how the in formation of train manifests and cargo was being released to the Chechens. The Chechen airdrome also operated without law at this time. Russia proclaims that planeloads of narcotics flew in and out of Groznyi each day, providing money to fuel other criminal operations.This all went on for quite awhile, and while criminal activity was rampant in Chechnya, many say that it was no worse than in Russia herself. By the spring of 1994 though, Dudayev was being formally challenged for his power. Since one of the candidates against Dudayev wa

Chechnya Essay -- essays research papers

The National AnthemOf ChechnyaDeath or Freedomcame onto this earth when the wolf cubs began to skreigh under the she-wolfs feet.Our names were picked for us at day-break while the lion roared.Our gentle m some others nurtured us in our eagle nests.And our fathers taught us to tame the oxen of the forests.Our mothers dedicate us to our Nation and our Homeland.And we shall rise up to the last one if our nation needs us.We grew up free as the eagles, princes of the mountains.There is no threshold from which we shall incertain away. originally shall cliffs of granite begin to melt like molten lead than any one of us shall lose in battle the honor of our noble nature.Sooner shall the earth begin to crack in silence from the heat than we shall lie under the earth, having muzzy our honor.Never to bow our heads to anyone, we give our sacred pledge.To die or to live in freedom is our fate.Our sisters heal our brothers bloody wounds with their songs.Our loving women see us off on our camp aigns.If we shall be forced to starve from famine, we shall gnaw the grow of trees.If we shall be deprived of water, we shall drink from the dew of the grass.We came onto this earth when the wolf cubs began to whine under the she-wolfs feet.We pledge our lives to God, our Nation and our Homeland.The methods that Russia has used to deal with the break-away Republic of Chechnya has caught the eye of the founding media, and not without good cause. This dynamic portion of the former Soviet Union is seen as a predecessor of things to come from other pieces of the dead communist giant. So many different peoples and cultures were pulled into the grasp of Russia for economic or tactical reasons. Now that Russia is waning in power, these peoples may chose to seize the opportunity to regain their independence, hundreds of years lost in some cases, and reestablish their own ethnic identity.As we will see, Chechnyas history with Russia and the Soviet Union is a long and checkered past. The Ch echen people suffered numerous degradations and humiliations at the hands of their conquerors. Throughout their history the Chechens have attempted in some form to resist the Russians, but term and time again, the Russians held them down to have access to what they perceived as a key piece of land. It would be absurd to say that the sol... ...rude oil to be processed into fuels. oil color continually flowed in from Russia, allowing the Chechens to process it and usually turn around and sell it as their own. Whether oil was legally acquired or not, the Chechens had little difficulty selling it back end to the Russians, proving that Russians had a hand in savage activity in Chechnya as well.Literally millions of tons of military grade firepower and ammunition, as well as tanks, planes, and other vehicles were hijacked from Russian trains during this time. What the press failed to point out at this time was that Yeltsin never rerouted the trains, and no investigation went into dis covering how the information of train manifests and cargo was being released to the Chechens. The Chechen airdrome also operated without law at this time. Russia proclaims that planeloads of narcotics flew in and out of Groznyi each day, providing money to fuel other criminal operations.This all went on for quite awhile, and while criminal activity was rampant in Chechnya, many say that it was no worse than in Russia herself. By the spring of 1994 though, Dudayev was being formally challenged for his power. Since one of the candidates against Dudayev wa

Changing a Qualitative Research Into a Quantitative Study Essay

Fry and her colleagues undertook a soft query to develop a incorrupt put out taste in array nursing. Using the same problem statement, literature analysis and background information, this paper aims at converting the qualitative deliberate carried out by Fry and her colleagues into a quantifiable study. The study entails setting different seek inquirys and collecting data that aims at addressing these questions. The process proceeds by a revaluation background information and the problem statement. The final state of the process is formulating a new duodecimal study question.Qualitative query problem Moral bother is a critical concern in military nursing considering the harsh and complex environments under which military nurses operate in. Literature has established a conceptualised model of moral sadness, which starts with initial moral melancholy symptoms that leads to reactive distress behaviour which results from the effects of the former. There are various facto rs that cause the occurrence of moral distress in nursing. Considering the environmental differences of military and civilian nursing practice, it is evident that the prevalence of moral distress varies.Quantitative question purpose The main objective of this denary study is to contribute to the knowledge base about military nursing moral distress. The knowledge drawn from the research findings will be informative in designing conceptual models of moral distress in military nursing and developing policies for expediting the problem. Quantitative research question The qualitative research question was Do military nurses experience the dimensions of the conceptualised moral distress described in the problem statement?In response to this question, Fry and her colleagues established four guiding research objectives. They include identification of moral distress experience among the fall in States Nurse Corps officers construction of a moral distress model for moral distress experienc e among military nurses development of a valid and reliable tool to measure moral distress in military nursing and the identification of the moral distress dimensions among military nurses. The new research question is What is the prevalence of moral distress in military nursing?The research objectives associated with the aforementioned denary question include (1) To establish the prevalence of moral distress among the Nurse Corps officers of the United States who have ever participated in the military crisis and (2) to establish the percentage of military nurses to develop reactive moral distress behaviour after suffering initial moral distress. Quantitative research sample The qualitative research sample comprised of 13 United States Army Nurse Corps Officers who have ever been deployed in military crisis zones from 1980 and latter.Seven of the thirteen nurses who took part in the research study were males. Six of them had been deployed in Bosnia, Three in Vietnam and four in the Persian Gulf War. The new study sample will include the retired and current United States military nurses who have ever been deployed in the military crisis zones. The grand sample size is essential in identifying an inclusive sample representative of 1500 participants to give a higher(prenominal) validity and reliability of the research findings. Participants will be recruited through random pick of nurses who have ever been deployed to military crisis zones.The use of randomised selection of participants improves the validity of the overall results. Qualitative research limitations The first limitation as seen from the study is the use of snowballing sampling which reduces the validity of the overall findings. The split second weakness of qualitative study relates to the samples small size. The final research findings of qualitative research lack generalizability due to the small sample size. The third weakness of qualitative research is the long time it takes to gather resear ch data through interviews.The fourth eakness is the difficulties encountered in the analysis of the research data. It is not practical to apply statistical methods and tools in the analysis of qualitative study data. The limitations of the new vicenary research findings include (1) the logical difficulties of getting a large sample size of 1500 participants (2) the price implications. It is costly to carry out a research involving such a large sample size. The third limitation is the inability of quantitative study to enthral real sample dynamics that are guaranteed by structured interviews (Creswell, 1999).Qualitative Informed Consent and use of IRB The given study satisfied all the ethical research considerations. The researchers obtained the participants informed consent and also upheld the handicraft of confidentiality. The institutional review boards approvals were also sought before commencement of the research (Fry et al. , 2002). In the quantitative research study, eth ical research considerations involved obtaining research approval from relevant institutional review boards. The research preamble instructions outlined the duty of confidentiality owed by the researcher to the participants.Participation in the phenomenal research study was also voluntary upon acquisition the consents of the participants. Qualitative Research Design and Philosophical data link (underpinnings) The research design has two phases. The first phase entailed a review of the current literature to establish a conceptual moral distress model. The second phase entailed a structured interview with 13 participants who satisfied the inclusion criteria to collect the required research data. The final research findings were used in brass of the conceptualized moral distress model.The quantitative research employs a phenomenological study of the experiences of the United States military nurses in military crisis deployments. The study will seek to obtain the soul encounters with situations that caused them moral distresses. The research study will also seek to establish the prevalence of reactive moral distress behaviour among the participants that suffered initial moral distresses. The research design will employ a questionnaire for data collection. The questionnaire will contain both open and closed ended questions to collect specific responses from participants and general unrestricted views from participants.Quantitative Rigor of the Study Rigor is essential in quantitative research study. It raises the overall significance the research. Reliability and validity are the key dimensions of quantitative researchs rigor (Cohen, Manion, & Morrison, 2007). The use of a large sample size and probabilistic recruitment of the research participants increases the external validity of the overall research findings. The researcher should also avoid the research bias in the collection and analysis of the findings to increase the generalizability of the findings. Re liability is the measure of consistency of the research findings.It can be increased by applying similar statistical tools of analysis the results. SPSS is an accurate tool for statistical analysis of quantitative research findings using a uniform arcdegree of freedom. The use of a self-administered questionnaire helps in maintaining anonymity, which give participants the freedom of expressing their genuine views. This is essential in reducing bias and increasing the overall validity and reliability of the research findings. The researcher should admit only completed questionnaires for final research analysis to ensure high validity and reliability of the study findings.This underpins the essence of recruiting a higher number of research participants to guarantee a high number of valid responses from the participants for analysis. Advantages of Qualitative research The main advantages of qualitative research include (1) In-depth research of a phenomena through structured interviews and observation (2) Flexibility of the research method to accommodate undefined variables (3) Ability to capture the whole research information and scenes through tapeline recording and (4) it allows the researcher to note only relevant responses for analysis (Rubin & Babbie, 2009).Disadvantages of qualitative research The major advantages of qualitative study include (1) subjectivity of the research findings (2) its exposure to researchers bias (3) It requires a lot of labour and resources (4) limited replicability and generalizability of the research findings and (5) the difficulties encountered in analysing qualitative research data.It is laborious and time consuming (Rubin & Babbie, 2009). Advantages of quantitative research study The main strengths of quantitative research include (1) the ease of data analysis using statistical tools (2) the ease of statistical analysis of quantitative data makes it effective in testing hypotheses and (3) the ability to accommodate large sam ple sizes that increases validity and reliability of the findings.Disadvantages of quantitative research The first weakness of quantitative research is the ignorance of the research context. The second is the connectedness of the research validity with large sample sizes. It can be difficult and expensive to get a large sample size. The third weakness is the high probability of getting unreliable responses from anonymous participants.

American and Iranian educational system Essay

In some counties, like Iran, one of the problems is that most of the immigrants prefer to live in the USA because of the educational arranging. In Iran, principals of the schools do not pay much attention to the way lessons are thought to the students however, one of the places that care most about the educational brass is the USA. In the United States, all students have the same opportunity of gaining their goals. By knowing the differences between the educational system between the USA and Iran, principals can fall apart the educational system better than beforehand. Consequently, by having a better educational system, students knowledge will be improved. The educational structure in Iran differs from the USA in hardness of stuff and nonsenses in high schools, opportunity for studying, atm and facilities.The first difference between the educational system of Iran and the USA is that in Iran intuition materials in the high schools include university courses of the USA. Theref ore, there are a lot for students to cover in high schools, and the courses are alike too hard. So students in Iran study more prior to the university than their peers in the USA. Moreover, there is a university entrance exam in Iran that takes place each year in the summer, which includes all material of four years of high school. If students pass this test, they can attend to the university otherwise, they should study one more year to retake the exam.Likewise, TASP is one of tests that all students should take, which takes place in some states in America however, failing in any parts of these exams does not prevent students from entering universities in the year that they have planned to. . Additionally, in America, study materials in high schools cannot be compared to those of universities. Because from high school to university the courses become hard suddenly compared to the easy ones in the high schools. As a result, if students emigrate from Iran to the USA, they will find most of the university courses easy because of having a strong educational back ground from their countries.In addition to complication of materials, other educational system variation between Iran and United States is the opportunity for people in all conditions to study. Most of students who have defects are ashamed of studying next to the other students in Iran. Besides, in Iran if disabledstudents decide to continue studying in the universities, there are no efficient facilities as well as capable teachers for them. On the other hand, in the USA, schools pay equal attention to all normal and disabled students. For instance, the USA universities have specified computers, scanners, and testing centers for disabled students. They are also some people who can become their private tutors in case of demands. Furthermore, many people as well as the ones who are above 30 years old study in the American universities, but in Iran lineroom colleagues have all same ages.Besides hardness of materials and study conditions, another contrast is atmosphere of the classes in Iran and the USA. In Iran, students can neither eat nor speak with each other in the class hours because it distracts others concentrations from teachers speech. On the other hand, in the United States, students can eat whenever they feel hungry in the class, which makes an informal atmosphere. They can also sit anyway that makes them more at ease including a sleeping position. Then again, in the formal atmosphere of the classes in Iran, students have to have the instructors permission to get out of the class. In addition, the benefit of a formal atmosphere in class is that by paying more attention to their teacher, students can learn better. While not concentrating amply on to the teachers speech, has a negative effect on the educational level.Furthermore, the last important difference between educational system in Iran and the USA is having several kinds of facilities in their schools. Iran is o ne of the countries that dose not have too many facilities for the students. Therefore, if students did not read the chapter that their teacher want to teach before the class, they may confront difficulty in understanding it. Nevertheless, in spite of having less facility in the schools in Iran, students improve their learning level by registering in private or semiprivate classes. On the other hand, students in the USA have all kind of facilities in their schools, which are free for them. In the United States, student can access to various types of learning methods easily. As an example, by reading different books, having tutors, and watching films about that specific subject in their schools, they can improve their learning level.In summary, Educational system in Iran differs from the USA in hardness of material in high schools, condition of studying, atmosphere and tools of studying. Students can combine the positive methods of both Iran and the USA for improving their educationa l system. Additionally, having a break in the middle of a formal atmospheric class is an alternative way of recapturing students attention when they feeling tired distracts their attention.

Comparitive/Contrast Assessment on Fast Food Nation and the Jungle

*Comparative/Contrast Assessment* Fast intellectual nourishment Nation **and The Jungle Similar to the m both real-life stories told by Schlosser in his written depiction of the fast food industry, The Jungleby Upton Sinclair is a notable relation of the same type of horrors. Unlike Schlosser, though, Sinclair writes his nurse in a assumed story line, in which he included great models of figurative address and imagery that strategically capture the enjoiner in a world plentiful of fellow feeling and belief. In this manner, he uses the journey of Jurgis Rudkis to depict the conditions in the meat packing industry in the United States.Jurgis, organism the main character, was not utilise only to break off the harsh and hidden lives of those working and living in Packingtown, however. Sinclair also used Jurgis to portray his personalized belief of capitalism being corrosive. The adjacent quote has been taken from a review found at AssociatedContent. com. The Jungle shows the e ffects of economic hardship on an immigrant family in the early 1900s. That is all it is reliably accountable for. This story is a downright attack on capitalism that the originator tries to conceal behind a fictional story of a sympathy deriving family of Lithuanian Immigrants (A Review of The Jungle, 2007).Sinclairs attacks on the United States economic and governmental system immediately point out the radical side of his personality, and from in that respect the doubt that his ideas and story are not radical in and of themselves as well begins to grow. It is with this part of his writing that Sinclair loses his rhetoric flair and ability to produce step muckraking journalism. In order for me to be able to effectively explain how both Fast Food Nation and The Jungleare poor morals of muckraking journalism, I essential first enlighten you with the definition of the actual term muckraking.According to Websters New World College Dictionary 2009, muckraking is searching for and publicizing, as in newspapers, any real or alleged corruption by public officials, business executives, or other(a) important persons (Muckraking Definition, YourDictionary. com). Muckraking journalism is then defined as the literature that displays these corruptions of society, whether effectively or not. The role of journalism in a democratic society is to report the truth, with minimal harm, and no outside interest. It should also be held accountable to its readers. Journalists are not filling this role by reporting half-truths that send people into a anic, like Fast Food Nation and blush The Jungle. Starting with Fast Food Nation, I found by researching that legion(predicate) published adjudge reviews had at least one major commonality the book covers too many different aspects of the fast food industry that it came to a point where at that place were too many things to comprehend and analyze all at once while reading. Thats not make up anything he talked astir(predicate ) either Throw in a plethora of statistics and facts, and you have some super confused readers In his work, Schlosser writes, This is a book about fast food, the values it embodies, and the world it has made. However, it is much more than that. It is everything that anybody could ever imagine that somehow, in some implausibly slight mien, has to do with fast food. Eric Schlosser tries to associate everything from armed robbery to political bombings to the spread of a particular strain of Escherichia Coli, all with fast food companies. Schlosser discusses how and wherefore the industry developed, flow labor practices in fast food establishments, how the taste of food can now be manipulated, federal regulations (and lack thereof), television and shoal advertising, health issues, and the spread of fast food abroad. This book is cleverly disguised as being about fast food. It is not about fast food. It is about how evil conservatives are and how capitalism is the cause of all that is bad in America. It is about how armed robbery has drastically increased. Fast food just happens to be mentioned sort of a bit. The author constantly inserts little comments here and there that try to make even very debatable topics out to be uniquely bad things. In my opinion, this book should come with a warning label and include a free copy of The Communist Manifesto (Jayson D.White, Socialist Propaganda in Fast Food). Jayson D. Whites perspective here describes what many others were formulation as well, telling of how Schlosser swears far and wide, devoting chapters to various aspects of the industry and then referencing other haphazard aspects in unrelated chapters. They do not all fit neatly together, and even the jumbled picture is a frightening one. Schlosser closes Fast Food Nationby saying that you can still have it your way and that consumers have the choice to just say no to fast food.His hope is apparently that, armed with the information he provides, consumers w ill make the obvious choice and run as fast as they can from any and every fast food joint. Unfortunately, he neer really addresses the question of why consumers would (and so often do) choose to purchase the products of these establishments in the first place. He never mentions the opposing argument to his own personal viewpoint, and his credibility drops with that lack of information. Instead, Schlosser inputs more and more seemingly random statistics to show his own views have support behind them, when in all reality, they dont at all.Schlosser was determined to make a point, and he does so with the uncontrollable urge to exaggerate details, add in supposed facts and numbers, and altogether disregard the opposing viewpoint, something which is of high importance in a persuasive and informative piece of muckraking literature. This shows how Schlossers Fast Food Nation is a poor example to use when describing muckraking journalism. Now we can move on to The Jungle and the differen t viewpoints that have been written regarding the books contents and set-up.From the muckraking standpoint, the way Sinclair writes his fictional story is actually quite interesting and as a result a lot more persuasive and believable than Schlossers book which is only jam packed with statistics. The following quote is one that I feel really stands out strong from the book in regards to how imaginative and mind-painted humanity Sinclairs writing is as a whole. . The Jungle, on the other hand, is written directly form Sinclairs personal experience of being in Packingtown for even just a week, and he already was able to smell the horrible scent, even taste the horrible scentSinclairs use of figurative language really appeals to the reader, and that strengthens the readers opinion to side with the author. Elzbieta sees how the sausage is doctored when she works filling casings in the sausage room. She sees how any random mix of animal split is ground into sausage. Anything that is s poiled is simply dyed with chemicals like borax and packaged for sale. In addition, she watches as leftovers that have fallen on the floor of the room are scooped up, along with dead rats and other filth, and put into the grinding machine for sausage (_The Jungle_ Upton Sinclair, Chapter 7).Not only does this quote give the reader a very nice exposit image to let them think over in the back of their minds, it also gets its point across, which is that the meatpacking plants use absolutely anything in their batches of sausages that end up being sold at the super market. As a result, this is a great muckraking example included in the book. Upon reading The Jungle and various lively analyses, I would say that the novel is actually quite nice in its overall appeal to me as a reader.With this novel, being of journalistic muckraking character, I was surprisingly persuaded for the most part with what Upton Sinclair was telling me. . In addition, unlike Fast Food Nation, I felt like the pi eces of information and statistics in The Junglewere relevant to the current topic at hand in the novel, rather than just being thrown at the reader in hopes of persuading them that this statistic pertains to the aspect being discussed. Like many of these reviews, I too feel that The Jungle is not perfect however, I do agree with many critics that the manner in which the story was written was quite appealing.I was particularly attracted to and persuaded with the story line and its continuous rising and falling actions that were filled with suspense, to the point where I actually wanted to read each and every next page so that I could find out what would happenAs a reader, I felt highly pressured to believe what was being told to me while I read Eric Schlossers piece of literature, and that if I dont believe his wrangling then I would be assisting in and attributing towards the awful-sounding statistics that were abundant in Fast Food Nation.While reading Sinclairs novel, on the oth er hand, I felt relatively at ease in making my own decision, knowing that there were facts and stories laying out there for me to grasp and believe if I so chose. As a result, I was more directed to believe Sinclairs words than the numerous statistics and facts trying to be shoved down my throat by Schlosser. Another aspect of The Jungle that helped capture my overall opinion, and presumably many other readers as well, was that of the emotional attachment with the portrayed characters and the events they were going through.Sinclair did an excellent job at creating a real life experience for the reader, as if they were the Jurgis in the book, creating distinct emotional reactions to the horrible reality of the meatpacking industry, which in turn establishes his pathos. However, like Schlosser, Sinclairs downfall was his inclusion of personal political and economic system goals.Upton Sinclairs sudden stray from the story and straightforward praise of socialism at the end of the nove l reveals his narrow-minded opinion of the economy of the United States and labels him as a radical truster in socialism, just like that of Schlosser in Fast Food Nation. Sinclairs book also hinders the readers knowledge of socialism because it does not reveal its prejudicial effects. socialism puts complete control of the economy in the hands of the government.It places a barrier on production and decreases the influence to create new products. Socialism is a less severe definition for an economy that supports communism. While Upton Sinclair wrote this novel to find righteousness and benefit the American people he fails to foresee the negative effects of his ideas. Sinclairs novel makes it evident that many immigrants and workingmen unjustifiably suffered under capitalism, but an economy influenced by his views would not necessarily be better. (Associated Content, 2007).By hiding the other sides opposition, just like what Schlosser did in Fast Food Nation, author Upton Sinclair hushes his audiences questions by not answering them whatsoever. As you can see, although each author wrote with a different style, the authors were still not nearly as effective muckraking journalism examples as they would have been. Bibliography Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser The Jungle by Upton Sinclair http//www. yourdictionary. com/muckraking http//www. amazon. com/Fast-Food-Nation-Eric-Schlosser/product-reviews/0395977894/ref=cm_cr_pr_hist_1? e=UTF8&showViewpoints=0&filterBy=addOneStar http//www. complete-review. com/reviews/food/schlosse. htm http//www. amazon. com/Fast-Food-Nation-Eric-Schlosser/product-reviews/0395977894/ref=cm_cr_pr_link_next_5? ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=0&filterBy=addOneStar&pageNumber=5 http//www. bookrags. com/notes/jun/TOP1. htm http//www. enotes. com/history/q-and-a/how-did-muckraking-journalism-change-u-s-44633 http//mandatorychaos. blogspot. com/2007/11/role-of-journalism-in-democracy. html

The Drive to Destroy Enlightenment Values

The history of wars and revolution is flooded with personalities with almost mythical qualities. The heroes of wars and revolutions decl bed spic-and-span social orders based on the principles of justice and public service. These individuals, after their assumption to power and material wealth, declared the supremacy of their respective cultures. In history, this happened many whiles, as in the case of the A thuslyian and Roman Empires, the Napoleonic Era, the Holy Roman Empire, and many others. Yet, out of these wars and revolutions, ideologies developed. These ideologies usu all in ally offered alternative ways of life, that is, new philosophies for managing nicetys.However, snugglely ideologies became the stress for advancing rationalism and progress. come on of revolutions at the latter part of the 18th century, a general atmosphere of Enlightenwork forcet clouded the countries of Europe. This ideology declared the inseparable greatness of man, his love for liberalism, an d his military campaign towards order and self-regulation. The Enlightenment proposed the idea that man, given his limitations and tendencies to innovate, can achieve freedom by imputing liberal set both in the declare and the society. This can be d iodin in two ways. An individual, in association with other individuals can establish a government that promotes liberal ideas. If the state is unresponsive to the waves of liberalism or obstructs its growth, accordingly the simply answer is revolution. Here, the term revolution acquires a positive character.Although the new ideology was borne out of the French Revolution, it was eventually authentic by European monarchs as an alternative way of dealing with their liberal subjects. They precept the Enlightenment as vital to the natural selection of European civilization and proficiency of science and technology. A cultured way of life can just now be maintained so long as the spirit of times matches the need of the population s. As one volition see later, the set advanced by the Enlightenment were threatened by the wars and revolutions of the 20th century.Sigmund Freuds Civilization and its DiscontentsAccording to Freud, the foundation of civilization can be traced to the strife surrounded by sexual need and social mores. The former is the ascendent of mankinds libidinal energy expressed in love and satisfaction. The latter is the source of dissatisfaction, frustration, and ultimately assault. Harmony can only be achieved when an individual learned to control his tempestuous impulses.Here, Sigmund Freud made the following assertions active the nature of man and civilization. roughly of his assertions are as follows1) Destructive forces or its source are exhibited in all individuals. Thus, man by nature, is an anti-social and anti-cultural. Men are non gentle, friendly creatures regard for love, who simply defend themselves if they are attacked, but that a powerful measure of desire for aggres sion has to be reckoned as part of their instinctual gift (Freud1930/198951).2)Because of the anti-social nature of man, he finds difficulty in keeping promises3)And, aggression is seen as an original self-subsisting instinctual disposition in man the greatest impediment to civilization (Freud, 1930/198958).Because Freud saw man as anti-social and anti-cultural, he assumed that civilization was the product of struggle between the libidinal instinct and social mechanisms for controlling behavior. In history, according to him, some individuals were able to curb their feeling of obedience to social mores to aggression. Genghis Khan, Emperor Neo, Attila the Hun, and many others were revealed as savage beasts to whom the thought of sparing their own kind as noncitizen (Freud, 1930/198954).Freud saw aggression then as the real threat to civilization, all the more that aggression is present in all individuals. The society then is hale to use violent means to curb the threat a form of v iolent reprisal of a violent tendency. Every institution in the society are called to reinforce the values of humanity, or more specifically of civilization (the values of liberalism and rationalism). This struggle between the two tendencies only increases the propensity of a bloody end. The values of civilization to which societies were built would be compromised to suit the demands of the outlaw.Here, Freud made his remarks about the struggle.Civilization expects to prevent the worst atrocities of brutal violence by taking upon itself the right to affiance violence against criminals, but the law is not able to lay hands on the more discreet and subtle forms in which human aggressions are ex- pressed.The time comes when every one of us has to abandon the illusory anticipations with which in our youth we regarded our fellow-men, and when we realize how much hard carry and suffering we beget been caused in life through with(predicate) their ill-will. It would be unfair, however, to malign culture with trying to eliminate all disputes and competition from human concerns. These things are undoubtedly indispensable but opposition is not necessarily enmity, only it whitethorn be misused to make an opening for it (Freud, 1930/198961).Conrads Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness is a literary piece showing the conflict between two civilizations or more accurately two competing ideologies. The struggle between these two ideologies results to bloodshed and animosity among men a sort of social anomie Durkheim referred to as the deadening of social norms.In Chapter III of the book, Conrad showed that men are induced to violence when demands and priorities conflict. The main character of the story, Kurtz, found his way in conflict with the natives and the ships bus over the value of the off-white tusks.The jitney enters the cabin to speak with Kurtz, and Marlow withdraws to the steamers deck. From here he sees two natives standing near the river with impressive he addresses and spears, and a beautiful native woman draped in ornaments pacing gracefully along the shore. She stops and stares out at the steamer for a while and then moves away into the forest. Marlow notes that she must be wearing several elephant tusks worth of ornaments.The Russian implies that she is Kurtzs mistress, and states that she has caused him trouble through her influence over Kurtz. He adds that he would have tried to shoot her if she had tried to come aboard. The traders comments are interrupted by the sound of Kurtz yelling at the manager inside the cabin. Kurtz accuses the men of coming for the ivory rather than to help him, and he threatens the manager for interfering with his plans (Conrad, 197127).Other Europeans though were eager to compete against Kurtz in acquiring ivory tusks from the natives. Thus, Marlow (a character in the story) and a Russian trader ended up aligning with Kurtz against their competitors.Philosophically speaking, the story presented the s taggering change of heart of Marlow. Instead of presenting himself as a man of humility, he was forced to redefine his values (Enlightenment values). He suddenly became obsessed of acquiring more and more wealth. He loathed the Africans for their irrationality and savagery. He impeach the Europeans of exploiting the natives while he himself indulged in every form of luxury. In the end, he became violent and indignant to the fundamental principles of civilization the same thing Sigmund Freud said (although the elan Freud assumed it was academic).Thadeus Borowitz This appearance for the Gas Ladies and GentlemanBorowitz thesis can be summed up as follows violence can be magnified using fear as the catalyst (Borowitz, 1976). In this book, the author portrayed the brutal murder of the Jews during the Second World War, specifically during Hitlers Final Solution to the Jewish Question.Fear erased all the hopes of survival for the Jews. Death was the only way to surrender ones claim to this world the only way to escape further punishment and suffering. The Author punctuate the following as the outmost determinants of fear and its intended consequences1)Fear raised the morale of the aggressor. The Nazis believed that the Jewish race was a perversion in the world a race induced in violence and cultural disintegration.2)Thus, the only way to exterminate a violent race was to match it with greater violence.3)Survival is only a temporary stage of bliss. Memories of love ones who perished in the gas chambers will soon follow suit. Millions of other citizens were killed for no reason at all except for the fact that they were Jewish. To survive a life full of sick competiveness, never-ending fear, and the loss of loved ones is a huge accomplishment.SummaryFreud, Conrad, and Borowitz are basically examining the basic urge in man violence. strength can destroy values which have been cherished since the birth of a powerful ideology. Only the methods of telling the heart d iffered. Freud approach was academic, that of Conrad literary, that of Borowitz historical.ReferencesBorowitz, Thadeus. 1976. This Way for the Gas Ladies and Gentleman. invigorated York Penguin Books.Conrad, Joseph. 1971. Heart of Darkness. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Freud, Sigmund. 1930/1989. Civilization and Its Discontents. W. Norton & Company Reissue edition.The Drive to Destroy Enlightenment ValuesThe history of wars and revolution is flooded with personalities with almost mythical qualities. The heroes of wars and revolutions declared new social orders based on the principles of justice and public service. These individuals, after their assumption to power and material wealth, declared the supremacy of their respective cultures. In history, this happened many times, as in the case of the Athenian and Roman Empires, the Napoleonic Era, the Holy Roman Empire, and many others. Yet, out of these wars and revolutions, ideologies developed. These ideologies usually offere d alternative ways of life, that is, new philosophies for managing civilizations.However, some ideologies became the background for advancing rationalism and progress. Out of revolutions at the latter part of the 18th century, a general atmosphere of Enlightenment clouded the countries of Europe. This ideology declared the innate greatness of man, his love for liberalism, and his drive towards order and self-regulation. The Enlightenment proposed the idea that man, given his limitations and tendencies to innovate, can achieve freedom by imputing liberal values both in the state and the society. This can be done in two ways. An individual, in association with other individuals can establish a government that promotes liberal ideas. If the state is unresponsive to the waves of liberalism or obstructs its growth, then the only answer is revolution. Here, the term revolution acquires a positive character.Although the new ideology was borne out of the French Revolution, it was eventually accepted by European monarchs as an alternative way of dealing with their liberal subjects. They saw the Enlightenment as vital to the survival of European civilization and advancement of science and technology. A civilized way of life can only be maintained so long as the spirit of times matches the needs of the populations. As one will see later, the values advanced by the Enlightenment were threatened by the wars and revolutions of the 20th century.Sigmund Freuds Civilization and its DiscontentsAccording to Freud, the foundation of civilization can be traced to the conflict between sexual need and social mores. The former is the source of mankinds libidinal energy expressed in love and satisfaction. The latter is the source of dissatisfaction, frustration, and ultimately aggression. Harmony can only be achieved when an individual learned to control his violent impulses.Here, Sigmund Freud made the following assertions about the nature of man and civilization. Some of his asserti ons are as follows.Destructive forces or its source are exhibited in all individuals. Thus, man by nature, is an anti-social and anti-cultural. Men are not gentle, friendly creatures wishing for love, who simply defend themselves if they are attacked, but that a powerful measure of desire for aggression has to be reckoned as part of their instinctual endowment (Freud1930/198951).Because of the anti-social nature of man, he finds difficulty in keeping promisesAnd, aggression is seen as an original self-subsisting instinctual disposition in man the greatest impediment to civilization (Freud, 1930/198958).Because Freud saw man as anti-social and anti-cultural, he assumed that civilization was the product of struggle between the libidinal instinct and social mechanisms for controlling behavior. In history, according to him, some individuals were able to subdue their feeling of obedience to social mores to aggression. Genghis Khan, Emperor Neo, Attila the Hun, and many others were reveal ed as savage beasts to whom the thought of sparing their own kind as alien (Freud, 1930/198954).Freud saw aggression then as the real threat to civilization, all the more that aggression is present in all individuals. The society then is forced to use violent means to curb the threat a form of violent reprisal of a violent tendency. Every institution in the society are called to reinforce the values of humanity, or more specifically of civilization (the values of liberalism and rationalism). This struggle between the two tendencies only increases the propensity of a bloody end. The values of civilization to which societies were built would be compromised to suit the demands of the outlaw.Here, Freud made his remarks about the struggle.Civilization expects to prevent the worst atrocities of brutal violence by taking upon itself the right to employ violence against criminals, but the law is not able to lay hands on the more discreet and subtle forms in which human aggressions are ex- pressed. The time comes when every one of us has to abandon the illusory anticipations with which in our youth we regarded our fellow-men, and when we realize how much hardship and suffering we have been caused in life through their ill-will. It would be unfair, however, to reproach culture with trying to eliminate all disputes and competition from human concerns. These things are undoubtedly indispensable but opposition is not necessarily enmity, only it may be misused to make an opening for it (Freud, 1930/198961).Conrads Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness is a literary piece showing the conflict between two civilizations or more accurately two competing ideologies. The struggle between these two ideologies results to bloodshed and animosity among men a sort of social anomie Durkheim referred to as the deterioration of social norms.In Chapter III of the book, Conrad showed that men are induced to violence when demands and priorities conflict. The main character of the story, Kurtz , found his way in conflict with the natives and the ships manager over the value of the ivory tusks.The manager enters the cabin to speak with Kurtz, and Marlow withdraws to the steamers deck. From here he sees two natives standing near the river with impressive headdresses and spears, and a beautiful native woman draped in ornaments pacing gracefully along the shore. She stops and stares out at the steamer for a while and then moves away into the forest. Marlow notes that she must be wearing several elephant tusks worth of ornaments. The Russian implies that she is Kurtzs mistress, and states that she has caused him trouble through her influence over Kurtz. He adds that he would have tried to shoot her if she had tried to come aboard. The traders comments are interrupted by the sound of Kurtz yelling at the manager inside the cabin. Kurtz accuses the men of coming for the ivory rather than to help him, and he threatens the manager for interfering with his plans (Conrad, 197127).Ot her Europeans though were eager to compete against Kurtz in acquiring ivory tusks from the natives. Thus, Marlow (a character in the story) and a Russian trader ended up aligning with Kurtz against their competitors.Philosophically speaking, the story presented the staggering change of heart of Marlow. Instead of presenting himself as a man of humility, he was forced to redefine his values (Enlightenment values). He suddenly became obsessed of acquiring more and more wealth. He loathed the Africans for their irrationality and savagery. He accused the Europeans of exploiting the natives while he himself indulged in every form of luxury. In the end, he became violent and indignant to the basic principles of civilization the same thing Sigmund Freud said (although the manner Freud assumed it was academic).Thadeus Borowitz This Way for the Gas Ladies and GentlemanBorowitz thesis can be summed up as follows violence can be magnified using fear as the catalyst (Borowitz, 1976). In this bo ok, the author portrayed the brutal murder of the Jews during the Second World War, specifically during Hitlers Final Solution to the Jewish Question.Fear erased all the hopes of survival for the Jews. Death was the only way to surrender ones claim to this world the only way to escape further punishment and suffering. The Author emphasized the following as the outmost determinants of fear and its intended consequencesFear raised the morale of the aggressor. The Nazis believed that the Jewish race was a perversion in the world a race induced in violence and cultural disintegration. Thus, the only way to exterminate a violent race was to match it with greater violence. Survival is only a temporary stage of bliss. Memories of loved ones who perished in the gas chambers will soon follow suit. Millions of other citizens were killed for no reason at all except for the fact that they were Jewish. To survive a life full of sick competiveness, never-ending fear, and the loss of loved ones is a huge accomplishment. SummaryFreud, Conrad, and Borowitz are basically examining the basic urge in man violence. Violence can destroy values which have been cherished since the birth of a powerful ideology. Only the methods of telling the message differed. Freud approach was academic, that of Conrad literary, that of Borowitz historical.ReferencesBorowitz, Thadeus. 1976. This Way for the Gas Ladies and Gentleman. New York Penguin Books.Conrad, Joseph. 1971. Heart of Darkness. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Freud, Sigmund. 1930/1989. Civilization and Its Discontents. W. Norton & Company Reissue edition.

Quantification of Proteins in Solution by Spectrophotometer Essay

IntroductionAbsorption spectroscopy is a common method for finding the concentration of proteins or protein complexes in a solution. Proteins absorb light at specific wavelengths and shadow be defined by the equation A = log (Io/I). This equation states that an absorbance at a specific wavelength, A is equal to the log of the ratio of incident light intensity (Io), to transmitted light intensity (I). A spectrophotometer can be apply quantitatively and qualitatively. A spectrophotometer is use qualitatively to obtain an submersion spectrum, which can be obtained by plotting the absorbance prise, all over the range of wavelengths tested for the solution.This helps to find out the qualified wavelength that the compound absorbs maximum. And the spectrophotometer is employ quantitatively by using the Beer-Lambert Law Log Io/I = A = cl, where is the molar extinction coefficient (unit = Lmol-1cm-1), helps to define the absorbance of the protein, c is the concentration of the subst ance (mol liter-1), and l is the travel guidebook length of the light (unit = cm) through the medium. Log Io/I is called optical density or absorbance of the substance, and does non have units. Also, an absorption spectrum is created, which deals with absorption and wavelength (nm) of light used, with which maximum absorption is ascertained. Maximum absorption is when most of the solution particles are absorbed, and this happens at a specific wavelength.Since the Beer Lambert law is useful however for a range of wavelengths, it is non applicable to all protein solutions. In this experiment, an absolute standard was calculated using BSA, so that the concentrations of the other mystic protein solutions can be determined (Lambert et.al, 2011).The disparate assays used for this protein quantification were Lowry, Bradford (Coomassie low) and UV direct. Protein assays help to determine the amount of desired particle present (Srivastava, 2008). The aim of this lab is to understand t he various aspects of spectrophotometry and its applications in biochemistry, such as quanitification of protein solutions.Methods(Carleton University, 2012) The travel were followed without any changes made.ResultsFigure1. Absorption spectrum of 610-5M p-np solution in 0.02M NaOH, for wavelength range between 330-800nm using a Novaspec spectrophotometer.Sample reckoningc = 610-5Ml = 1cmA = 1.166The Beer Lambert equation is A = clRearranged, = A/cl = 1.166/(610-5)*1 = 1.94104 L mol-1 cm-1Table1. Values of extinction coefficient (Lmol-1cm-1) determined using Beer-Lambert Law.Figure2. Absolute standard squirm obtained for BSA test protein solution with the 3 different assays tested (Lowry, Coomassie Blue, UV).Table 2. Absorbance values recorded for different protein dilutions (2X, 5X, 10X) for the three assays used, namely Lowry, Coomassie Blue and UV direct.Sample Calculation for BSA stock protein* LowryEquation of line from Fig2 y = -510-72 + 0.0016x + 0.038For 5 fold y = 5 * 0. 44 = 2.20Substituting in equation 2.20 = 510-72 + 0.0016x + 0.038X1 = 1600 g/ml = 1.6mg/mlFor 10 fold y = 10 * 0.23 = 2.30Substituting in equation 2.30 = 510-72 + 0.0016x + 0.038X2 = 1600 g/ml = 1.6mg/ml(X1 + x2)/2 = 1.6mg/ml* Coomassie BlueEquation of line from fig2 y = -710-72 + 0.002x + 0.0219For 5 fold y = 5 * 0.36 = 1.80Substituting in equation 1.80 = -710-72 + 0.002x + 0.0219 X1 = 1428.57 g/ml = 1.4mg/mlFor 10 fold y = 10 * 0.20 = 2.00Substituting in equation 2.00 = -710-72 + 0.002x + 0.0219 X2 = 1428.57 g/ml = 1.4mg/ml(x1+ x2)/2 = 1.4mg/ml* UV directEquation of line from fig 2 y = 0.0006x + 0.0175For 2 fold y = 2 * 0.42 = 0.84Substituting in equation 0.84 = 0.0006x + 0.0175X1 = 1374.16 g/ml = 1.4mg/mlFor 5 fold y = 5 * 0.15 = 0.75Substituting in equation 0.75 = 0.0006x + 0.0175X2 = 1179.16 g/ml = 1.2mg/ml(x1 + x2)/2 = 1.3mg/ml backchatFigure 1 shows the absorption spectrum of stock solution (610-5M), p-nitrophenol and 0.02M NaOH, and from the graph it can be inferred that 400 nm is the wavelength of maximum absorption because absorption is mention to be the highest at this point. Absorbance is noted to increase when wavelength increases till it reaches the point of maximum absorption, after which it decreases till it nearly reaches zero. It is best to consider wavelength of maximum absorption because stronger the intensity, the more(prenominal) accurate will be the readings for absorbance. As seen from table 1, the path lengths remain the same as the cuvettes used were of the same size. The Beer-Lambert Law states that Abs = .c.l, where = molar extinction coefficient, c = concentration of protein solution, and l = path length of light through medium. Thus, it is noted that absorbance and path length function a directly proportional relationship, i.e. if path length increases, absorbance increases as well. It was clearly observed in the wide and narrow test-tubes, that as the path length was doubled, the absorbance value doubled too (Srivastava, 2008) .Also, from the same equation, it can be determined that absorbance and concentration share a directly proportional relationship meaning that as the concentration decreases, it directly affects the absorbance value obtained, and this value decreases too. Thus, as seen for the four cuvettes tested (in Table 1) as the concentration is halved in ein truth cuvette, the absorbance value is halved correspondingly as well. It is known that the Beer-Lambert law says absorbance is proportional to number of absorbing molecules, and that this is valid for a variety of compounds over a wide range of concentrations.But even as the molar extinction coefficient is seen to be attributed to wavelength, it is true only for monochromatic light (Lambert et.al, 2011). The relationship can be stated as is a measure of the amount of light absorbed per unit concentration. Molar extinction coefficient is a constant for a particular substance, therefore according to the Beer-Lambert Law it is expected that if the concentration of the solution is halved so is the absorbance. A compound with a high molar extinction is very effective at absorbing light (of the appropriate wavelength), and hence low concentrations of a compound with a high molar extinction can be easily detected.In the values determined (Table 1), the experimental values are in accordance with the theoretical statement except for one cuvette. The cuvette no.3 with = 1.810-4 L mol-1cm-1 does not agree with the trend. Thus it can be deduced that due to experimental error, the value is inaccurate. Also, from the equation it is understood that and path-length are inversely proportional as well (i.e. = Abs/cl) that agency that as path-length increases, decreases, assuming that the concentration is kept constant. But the experimental values do not agree with this statement, because it is seen that as the path-length increases so does the molar extinction coefficient, . bio chemic methods are applied for to determine prote in concentration in solutions. Many techniques are less used because they have limitations such as reduced sensitivity, time on hand(predicate) for the assay, or they are highly specific about the amino acids in the protein solution being tested. But for every protein, the component amino acids are different, so there is no single assay that can be used for quantification of all proteins.The absorbance assays use the method of testing the intensity of the color produced by the protein solutions when chemical reagents are added to it. A standard protein whose concentration is known, is treated using the same chemical reagents and thus an absolute standard curve is obtained (Boyer, 2000). In this experiment, the standard used was Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). Development of color is significantly better in BSA than any other protein, and this makes it one of the most preferred test solutions for quantification of proteins (Antharavally et.al, 2008). and then figure 2 is obtained by pe rforming the three suitable assays on BSA to produce a standard curve, also it can be noted that only the UV direct gave a straight line passing through zero, whereas the Lowry and Coomassie Blue gave curved lines, passing through zero. Table 2 shows the absorbance values recorded, for different dilutions of the test protein in three different assays.With the help of the values obtained in Table 2, and with the equations obtained from Figure 2, the concentration of protein (mg/ml) was calculated and presented in Table 3. Since all the values in Table 3 were deduced from the equation of standard curve BSA, it is considered as the absolute standard, and the other test protein solutions are known as the relative standards. increment the values from Table 3, taking BSA as the absolute standard, the almost actual concentration of the protein (mg/ml) can be concluded, and they are 1.6 (mg/ml) for Lowry assay, 1.4 (mg/ml) for Coomassie Blue and 1.3 (mg/ml) for UV direct. For Lowry assay, the concentration value for all test proteins was 1.6 mg/ml, which must mean that the value obtained is accurate. For Coomassie blue, BSA and Hemoglobin were the same (1.4mg/ml), Ovalbumin and muramidase had similar values of 1.9mg/ml, and 1.8mg/ml respectively, whereas Gamma globulin showed 2.5mg/ml.The value for Gamma globulin is off because of experimental error, of spilling some of the contents from the cuvette while transferring it to the spectrophotometer for calibration. For UV direct, BSA and Ovalbumin have similar readings (1.3mg/ml and 1.5mg/ml respectively), Gamma globulin is 2.5mg/ml, but Lysozyme is 5.9mg/ml and Hemoglobin is 3.8mg/ml. The reason for this could be due to the fact that UV direct helps to recognize the presence of redolent(p) compounds indicating that Lysozyme and Hemoglobin contain aromatic compounds present in them. The Lowry protein assay is the most common and one of the more sensitive, but it is time consuming, on the other hand Coomassie blue (th e Bradford assay) is much more sensitive as compared to Lowry, and requires less time too.They both show change of color with proteins. As for UV direct method, it is one of the faster methods too, and it is helpful to identify aromatic compounds because aromatic residues absorb 280nm light (Boyer, 2000). The Lowry procedure can detect protein levels as low as 5g (Boyer, 2000). It depends on the color development by the reagent Folin-Ciocalteu. Peptide bonds are formed under alkaline Cu2+ conditions and reduced from Folin-Ciocalteu phosphomolybdate-phosphotungsten by aromatic amino acids (tyrosine and tryptophan) to heteropolymolybdenum blue. The standard curve obtained with BSA helps to determine concentration of unknown protein solutions (Antharapally et.al, 2008).In the case of Coomassie blue, it is more efficient than Lowry because even though there is variation with different proteins, there is very less interference by non protein components (Borley, 2000). Therefore, accordin g to literature, Coomassie Blue is the most preferred protein assay but this contrasts the experimental inferences, because through experimental procedure it was seen that Lowry method gave the most accurate and precise results. With this experiment, the method to quantify unknown protein concentrations has been understood. Also, that this process must be performed carefully to avoid irrational experimental errors.ReferencesAntharavally B.S, Bell P.A, Haney P, Mallia K.A, Rangaraj P. 2008. Quantitation of proteins using a dyemetal-based colorimetric protein assay. Analytical Biochemistry. 385 342-245. Boyer R, 2000. Modern experimental Biochemistry, third edition. Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc. USA. (41-45). Lambert J.B, Gronert S, Lightner D.A, Shurvell H.F, 2011. Organic Structural Spectroscopy, second edition. Pearson Education, Inc, New Jersey. (401, 404) Srivastava M.L, 2008. Bioanalytical Techniques. Alpha Science International, Ltd. Oxford, UK. (58,118)

Thomas Nagel’s: The Absurdity of Life

In this term paper, I will discuss slightly biography story-time, wipeout and the ridiculousness of disembodied spirit, by showing the diverse methods of this term paper which argon the following the synthesis, analysis, critique and the last one is the conclusion. Personally, I admit that the book of doubting Thomas Nagel entitled The linear perspective from nowhere as my one reference, is so difficult to comprehend and I think, this reference or book is non fit for the first timer who takes the philosophy course. But rather, I think it is intended only for those expertss in philosophy course, who rear end easily understand the chapters in the book.However, in spite of that difficulty that I afford been amazed, what I did was to go beyond my best with pressing mind merely to give some insights of that book and of course, so that the readers will give some blueprint to read this works. However, when I did this term paper, I always kept on thinking that this difficulty , is part of my training, even though it gives my mind so painful nevertheless I never stop to work on it, just for that difficulties. Even though, the book implies a very analytic approach.Indeed, Im happy to theorize that the book teaches my mind to think beyond this public and it gives me some techniques to expand my mind and more so to ac lie withledge my topic which is the fatuousness of life. Honestly, I seaportt finished reading the book but I think if Im going to glide by reading the book, although every chapter drop a connection and has difference interpretation, it would makes my mind more complex to dissect the different insights of every chapters. I read only the last chapter of the book which focuses more astir(predicate) life.Because I think, it would make me interesting to discuss about life, because some people or majority are now have this kind of fear to panorama life and to face death. So, in this term paper, I too dedicate my work to those people who are struggling about the different phobia in life. Thus, I heard some voices that would say that the book is an interesting book. But, I repudiate there words and I did not affirm yet. In the sense, that its very hard to understand the different connections in every chapter. In the other sense, I have also this feeling to affirm on what they said, in the sense that it gives us enlighten custodyt and wider mind.Thomas Nagel as contemporary philosopher wanted to break the vicious circle regarding m some(prenominal) possibilities that would happen in life and even in death. Yes, possibility would positively happen in our life but as my suggestion, we will minimize the fear in life in all that we experience because we know that The one guides us in every steps of our journey. I. Synthesis Life is standardised the analogy of the spider1 where directly appeared in the urinal of the mens room who have a unique attitude of founding.It waits on moving until it exposes a comfortable and sec ure charge to rest feeding any diminutive attractive insects. So, from this analogy I think the spider has two stand minds here by looking at life. These two standpoints here are the characteristics in life which are synthetic and analytic. It is somehow called as the passivity of life in looking to the physical world because it follow upms that it keeps on moving to maintain the unnumberable satiscircumstanceion but as military man being freightert satisfy. Thomas Nagel registered life as instances, part explaining the metaphysical life.However, as I could settle Nagel somehow used also the anthropological explanation about life. As what I understood the book of Nagel that life is the center in the universe. It simply substance that if we liquidate to recognize life, the universe also affected and experience negation because universe is composed of bodily life, which every living organism seems to experience creative activity. As Blondel said, that we should know ou r responsibility or duty to live life. It means that life would undergo a trusted passage to go backbone to the origin.In other words, it has certain cart track of reflexive to think what should life to be. There is a movement in life which seems to be the prime mover in controlling the condition of the world. Thus, dissatisfaction in life is unavoidable but as human being, we keep on desiring more and more and we think that all what we desire can discover it. As Maurice Blondel would say never stop continue to seek what is in life. As Blondel said it can be less amend but it cannot be perfect as we seek life. This means that we can achieve what should life to be but not totally.As human being, we have life and we attack rendering life by moving self to attain the very subject matter of life. However, we should not forget to go beyond the contradiction of freedom is infinite verity as Blondel said. We should act life according to our norm, rendering ourselves into action in sacrifices that undergo a hectic process to attain the very meaning of life. Thomas Nagel, fierceness life in general. Including the life of the animals, and as we can see the different animals, keeps also in finding the space in this world wherein they were capable to outlast whatever challenge that would give to nature.Like for example the life of a turtle that is not incapable of living in the extra water, so the turtle would be transfer near in the abundant water areas such as in fishpond, near in the posits where the water keep on flowing towards the certain area where the turtle is capable to live. However, it doesnt matter same(p) this situation but there is a slight the same standpoints. Indeed, Thomas Nagel presented life as instances or in the word accidental and still a mystery. A mystery which is cannot be solved in a logical way. Thus, life for me has some social function to negate the preyness and it is necessary in life, as Thomas Aquinas would say.If we try to looks at the case of life in our time, we possible know the flow of life it has been a structure to make. However, we annunciated to someone by just comparing our existence to other self. LIFE The point of objectivity with respect to place runs the risk of having value behind altogether. We may reach a standpoint so removed from the perspective of human life that all we can do is to observe zipper seems to have a value of the kind it appears to have from inside and all we can see is human desires, human striving human valuing as an activity or condition2As far as I understand from this footnote, it seems that it aims to negate the human life so that we could somehow focus only on the objectivity as basis to look at life giving distance to evaluate life beyond the value of life itself. It is just like to deny the essence of life and then transcend in objective way, so that we can evaluate life by observing the condition of the world. The uneasy resemblance between inner and out er perspectives, neither of which we can escape, makes it hard to maintain a coherent attitude toward the fact that we exist, toward the meaning or point our lives3 4Yes, since we exist in a mystery or accidental way by means of our parents. We cannot detached the coherent attitudes of life because of the fact that we are liberalist being that have the access to look at the physical world as full of dissatisfaction and as well as looking the content of the world objectively. In other hand, by doing such different functions in our existence, we can slowly know the identity of what should life to be. The same person who is indwellingly submitted without destroying it expiration him divided.And objection self, noticing that it is personally identical with the object of its detachment, comes to feel trapped in this incident life detached but unable to disengage and dragged along by a subjective seriousness it cant even attempt to rid of It means that Thomas Nagel from this modul ations life reduced from universal to ill-tempered which the respective(prenominal) life. We have individual insights by looking at life. That there is something things that we not yet to know in each individual, that is why Nagel reduce the objective self.However, it is like this if we try to compare our self to other personally, it seems that there is something that makes us human being different and yet we cannot grasp at it easily, as if we are nonoperational to grasp it. As if, it is know to us but we cannot hold it and that makes everyone unique. It is just like comparing the two people and then eliminates the thing makes different. No question many who have experienced the discomfort of objective detachment from themselves simply forget about it and live inside the world as if there were no extraneous view5It means that sometimes as we continue to live in the world, we sometimes forget the basis in life to go back the objective detachment and we simply live our life miser able without seeing the out-of-door world, as if we are in blind fold to see the international world. Thomas Nagel emphases that we should not forget what govern life to find the very essence of it by looking the flow of life itself. The wish to live so far as possible in full recognition that ones position in the universe is not central has anelement of the religious disposition about it, or at least an on acknowledges and includes it can be fruitful, even if complete integration inevitably eludes us6 We cannot deny the fact that most human being searched life through religious impulse or spiritual aspects. Because, some would think in the sense that it can somehow find the authentic answer of life, on what life should be. Even though, some people believe in different doctrines it is necessary to them to worship because they believe that by means of worshiping to something, it can trigger to answer stands of life.I believe that many did this way as contemplation to transcend th ere self to find the answer of life. The outside standpoint and the contemplation of death lead to loss of equilibrium in life. Most of us have felt a constant undertow of absurdity in the work outs and ambitions that give our lives their forward drive7 Life is like a substance it has the faculty to transcend in every moment, and it has mind that keeps on thinking in advance on what will happened about natural phenomenon of life basing to the objective reality.It is somehow like putting life into distance and fronting with the external standpoint in able to destroy the objective reality. However, it is always keep on contemplating to transcend life itself looking to others which also keep on wonder that is why the external would allow breaking life into death. If we look the very context of life, it seems that if we could look closely the phenomenon beyond life, there is something would appear that life is like cycle. If there is life, there is also the time of death, which is ca ll as the natural phenomenon of life?So, we could not confiscate life because life is only cooperating according to existence. I addition , if put life in the particular box and then life would able to get out from that certain box, the life would separate from the external reality and it would create a phenomenon which is in negative side which is death. The real me is not merely part of my world. The person who I am is a dependant on(p) on me, I depend for my existence on TN, and TN depends on the world and is inessential to it.This is another of the discomforts of being someone in particular my world depends for its existence on his birth, even though he also appears in it as a character. It is eerie to see oneself and ones entire world in this way as a natural product. 8 Thomas from this footnote refers his life according to TN which remind him the being ness of his self in particular. It means that without TN as body, the self which set out as I of Thomas Nagel cannot exist a nymore in particular.In addition, there should be something body which can represent the whole life of Thomas Nagel which can recognize regarding his existence where he depend on it. In other words, If we elaborate the whole point, I which is TN represents as the one who is doing the action and it would combine the self so that we can see the being ness of Thomas Nagel. MEANING In seeing ourselves from outside we find it difficult to take our lives seriously. This loss of conviction, and attempt to regain it, is the caper of meaning of life. 9So, Thomas Nagel stated that if we look at life outside vision, we could see the self has a genuine enigma. Because, if we put self outside reality it has lots of possibility to be consider and it has potential to not attain the meaning of life. This difficulty is quite difficult to reconcile. In this problem, I will give this my answer, regarding this one by exposing my analysis at successive parts of the term paper. The capacity for transc endence brings with it a liability to alienation, and the wish to escape this condition and to find a larger meaning can lead to even greater absurdity.Yet we cant abandon the external standpoint because it is our own. 10 Transcendence is a factor to attain knowledge, but in this case its quite different. Thus, if we keep on transcending her, the life would become absurd it is. We can somehow arrived into absurdity and its very depressing point that the life would arrived into negation. Because if try to put life in the external reality we can somehow see the concrete issue of life to be absurd. Although, we have been sets the different aim in living our existence. In fact, in this footnotes, we could not say that life can attain the meaning of life.Moreover, if keep on transcending ourselves externally, we can not say in the first place that life has a reason to be exists because life in the first place its a mystery and aside from that its full of negation of permeated by neurotic obsession. The real problem is with external point of view, which cannot remain a mere spectator once the self has expanded to accommodate it. It has to join in with the rest and lead this life from which it is disengaged. As a result the person becomes in significant part detached from what he is doing. 11This is just a problem of self from external reality, when it is on the way to expand in leading life into disengaged which can detached from the I, which is the one doing such action. However, this is remaining a problem of self, in putting self into external reality. Once, it is reconcile already, it will give us such conclusion about what should the possibility of life to be. It is absurd or it is life a meaning. This is the clue of this paper, to dissect the essence of life. The internal view resist to reduction to a subject interpretation of its contents which the external view tries to force on it.But this puts the objective standpoint in conflict with itself. Finding my ob jectively insignificant, I am nevertheless unable to extricate myself from an unqualified committal to it to my aspirations and ambitions, my wishes for fulfillment, recognition, and understanding, and so forth. The sense of absurd is the result of this juxtaposition. 12 The fact that the self govern from external reality, the self would return into passivity which can mental testing the objectivity to create a conflict and the internal reality would reduce to particular self.The standpoints of objectivity will calculate the particular object. The loss of self in the individual sense is ideal to require by the revelations of an impersonal view, which takes precedence over the view from here. And apparently it is possible for some individuals to achieve this withering by of the ego, so that personal life continues only as a vehicle for the transcendent self, not as an end itself. 13 The particular individuals can achieve the ego of others, if the ego or the I will sensitive on c ounteracting the possibility of transcendence.Moreover, transcendence is the factor to recall all the past experience of the particular self. But, it will cause also the conflict in the part of transcendence, if the Ego will not aware of the external reality. So, that would that the self should be careful of transcending while looking the self to the external or outside reality because as Thomas Nagel said that it will the possible can that the life will absurd and he agreed about that thought. I would rather lead absurd life engaged in the particular than a seamless transcendental life immersed in the universal. 14As what I understood from this passage from the book, it seems that Thomas Nagel would rather like to project his vision of life in the particular subjective standpoints than to project life in the universal objective reality. Here, we can see the important of particular subjectivity and we can also find here the deduction point of view about life, wherein life reduces fr om universal to particular subjectivity. I would rather to affirm the point of Thomas Nagel that life should be in the particular stands so that it will become easy to us to eliminate the habitual weakness in life which are the failures.Objectivity is not content to remain a servant of the individual perspective and its values. It has a life of its own inspiration for transcendence that will not be quieted in response to the call to reassume our neat identity. This shows itself not only in the permanent disaffection from individual life that is the sense of the absurd. 15 The objectivity has a life, as what Thomas Nagel clarifies from this passage, in which can drives the whole rule of transcendence. So, objectivity is not the things subject can be independent itself. It is a matter of looking at the particular subjective reality.The external standpoint plays an important positive role in human motivation as well as a negative one, and the two cannot separate. twain depend on the independence of the external view and the pressure it puts us under to bring it into our lives. The sense of the absurd is just a perception of the limits of this safari reached when we ascend higher on the transcendental ladder than a mere human individuality can follow, even with the help of considerable readjustment. 16 It means that if our life climb to objectivity and yet it will not successfully fulfill to complete, the will arrived to absurdity.In this passage, it seems that we can find two movements here of life. To go up to objectivity and to retreat from the objectivity to go down, return to particular subjective being and yet this would be the primary cause of absurd life. Thomas Nagel agreed with this kind of thought and he presented that the subject not the complete in objectivity, it would full to go down and then, he said that this is the origin of the absurdity in life. In addition, we transcend objectively and yet we fail to reach the completeness of our transcende nce and the possible life to do is to go back into particular.This is the reason why our life will absurd and Thomas Nagel defended on this disputation, in saying partially that life will absurd through this instances. We can copy this argument by citing again the analogy of certain spider which chain in the mens urinal room. So, if we try to trace back the analogy of the spider, it seems we can find the same cases to what Thomas Nagel saying about the absurdity of life. So, in the case of the spider, since the spider is in chain for almost ten years and the only thing that the spider can do is to keep climbing the wall up and down in any moment.The same also about the reason why our life will be absurd according Thomas Nagel. This point will be included in the part of my critique. Finally, there is an attitude which cuts through the opposition between transcendent universality and parochial self absorption and that is the attitude of nonegocentric respect for the particular. 17 A s what my analogy would explain this passage that there is something an impulse of cutting the universal and particular which can be the cause of life to be absurd.However, from this instance in times of cutting some(prenominal)(prenominal) universal and particular, it would try to say that the subject or the individual self can be the attitude of nonegocentric of the particular subjectivity. DEATH Particular things can have a noncompetitive completeness which is transparent to all aspects to all aspects of the self. This also helps explain why the experience of great beauty tends to unify the self the object engages us immediately and totally in a way that makes distinctions among points of view of irrelevant.18 It seems that particular can freely stand transparently to all aspects of self with no competitions to objective reality. The particular here also has its own unifying identity which cultivate by any subject. Most of us can deal about personal self without consulting to t he other self and it is an overview of the independent of particular to stand alone and looking only in future by using present individual self. This is formally called as unifying idea of the particular which is the regulation of particular itself.However, this could not suppose that this is only the attitudes or characteristic of particular, which is to unify the principle itself, as a basis in looking to other reality. But rather, the particular has also consists of several transparent characteristics to set as guidelines to eliminate the completeness of the objectivity. Our thoroughgoing self absorption together with our capacity to recognize its excessiveness make us irreducibly absurd even if we achieve a measure of subjective-objective integration by bringing the two standpoints closer together.The gap is too wide to be closed entirely, for anyone who is fully human. 19 From this footnote, Thomas Nagel put self as having demarcation to integrate other subject which irredu cible to reach the point of absurdity of life in each subject-objective by bringing the two standpoints, in which the two points have a connection to limit the movement of self to other self which can possible, made the absurdity of human life. This is still the problem here, even if life will organized other subject which also had life.So, the capacity of self here is quite curb, in short self has limited territory to move. Unlike, the part objectivity, it us has universal movement which means the objectivity has the unlimited to move anytime. We are so accustomed to the parallel progress of subjective and objective time that there is some that there is some shock in the realization that the world will go calmly on without me after I disappear. It is the ultimate form of abandonment.20 It simply means that if the self will experienced in track of death, the objective time will not stop to function but it will spontaneously working to keep on transcending and transcending, even if all existence will in that track of death. The objective still continues to exist and do the function to the world. In our objective conception of the world, particular things can come to an end because the possibility of their non- existence is allowed for.The possibility of both the existence and the nonexistence of a particular object, artifact, organism, or person is given by actualities which underlie either possibility and coexist with both of them. Thus the existence of certain elements and truth of the laws of chemistry underlie the possibility of synthesizing a particular chemical compound, or of decomposing it. Such possibilities rest on actualities21. The issue here regarding this footnote, is that particular things was already have a place wherein it was being actualize and this actuality is no other than death.It is somehow the same with the act and potency. In such life continue moving towards the existence itself and yet as a result is the actuality to be actualize w hich is death. Death is actuality, because the possibility of nonexistence is allowed to enter in the particular things which the human being is involved which underlie for this stage to not again exist. This is a very strong form of nothingness, the disappearance of an inner world that had not been thought of as a contingent manifestation at all and whose absence is therefore not the realization of a possibility already contained in the conception of it.It turns out that I am not the sort of a thing I was unconsciously tempted to think I was a set of ungrounded possibilities as conflicting to a set of possibilities grounded in a contingent actuality22 From these footnotes, refers to the definition of death and it is being referred also to the possibility of realization that had been set to be actualizing as ungrounded series to the possibility of life. This realization that Im referring to is not in the future events but it is rather in the present events of life.It is just like th at we can only think in the present but nothingness comes, nothing cans future to think of. Another reason to regard death without too oft concern is that everyones mortality is part of the general cycle of biological renewal which, like the fact that hawks eat mice, it makes no sense to deplore. 23 Practical speaking death is a part of life which all of the living things including us are subject to dies. On other hand, life has a biological renewal, even if our life will absurd to exist.As Blondel said that life and death has no other way to escape, but to undergo a process to of life which is death is natural to be taken those who exist. Our life is not permanent here on earth. We only barrowed these lives in order for us exist. My death was going to occur in consequence of the end of the world. 24 It means that if human being experienced life to exist, human being also will have to experience death which is the consequences of our existence. Human life is not permanent even othe r living being it has the access to take death. In short, no one is excused to take life in death.Because, our life here on earth were pass by and because of the very fact that we are mortal being. In short, all things living organism is subject to destined in death. However, living organism even human being hasnt known what specific time death will come to us, we just unaware of the time to take death. Conclusion Well, based on the footnotes that I have been explained, the questioning mind of Thomas Nagel looking at life, he really believes that life will absurd by putting life in external reality and proving the common ground of human being which gives us a view that the life will absurd.Thus, I would like first to elaborate why our life will absurd by again using the analogy of the spider. So, as I look at the analogy of the spider, for almost ten years in chain in the mens urinal room, so, the only thing that can spider did was to repeated and repeated climbed up in the wall fi nding the tiny attractive insects to feed as means survival and yet it goes down where the spider started to climb from that particular wall any moment of instances and that makes the absurdity of the life.However, if we try also to elaborate our life as human being, we can see the big deal here about the absurdity of life by just looking at our self to the objective reality, in which our life are restless, always keep on in desiring and struggling just to go beyond the objective reality and yet, we fail to go beyond objectively because we have only limited capacity to grasp that, then we stop to go beyond and go back the origin because we cannot hold the very beyond of life because we are limited to reached that beyond ness and we cannot force ourselves to tap for something divine for us, thats why our life will arrived at absurdity.I will negate the idea of Thomas Nagel because actually in the very nature of life there is no infinite movement to escape from this absurdity of life and this is the very nature of life because, in the first place, we were exist in mystery way with limited knowledge of the external reality. So, what we should to do is only to accept whatever the consequence of our existence.On the other hand, Thomas Nagel considered this absurdity as a consequence of our existence. However, as we know that life will have the access to be absurd, then we should not let our life do what is not good for us but to rather, continue nurture our life in right path. I therefore, conclude that life wills absurd because our life has a limitation to look at objectively and the limitation is hindrance to absurd life.