How Organism Learn: Classical And Operant Conditioning :: essays research papers fc

How Organism Learn Classical and Operant ConditioningThere are dickens main explanations of how organisms learn. The firstexplanation is cognise as holy conditioning. The second explanation is knownas operant conditioning. These two types of learning are exhibited in oureveryday lives through our home, school, and school.Classical conditioning was discovered by Iran Petrovich Pavlov. He wasoriginally a physiologist whose main focus was the digestive system (Gazzaniga230). His discovery was make during a study on the salivation of dogs whengiven food. Pavlov observed that the dogs began salivating at the sound of thescientists footsteps and at their appearance into the room (231). This ledPavlov to study the phenomenon further.The experiments that Pavlov was originally observing were found on the setof unconditioned input and its unconditioned response. What is meant byconditioned is that the response is automatic and based on instinct. Tocompliment this name the stimulus is kno wn as the unconditioned stimulus (Myers260). With Pavlovs new observations a new set of stimulus and response wasfound. This new set is known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditionedresponse. What is meant by conditioned response here is that the response waslearned. The stimulus begins as neutral and causes no conditioned response.However, if the neutral stimulus can be associated with another stimulus, thenit becomes a conditioned stimulus.Classical conditioning can be exemplified in the home, school, and school.In the home a child could smell brownies bake in the kitchen which makes hermouth water. The brownies are the unconditioned stimulus, the smell is theconditioned stimulus, and the watering of the mouth is the conditioned response(Myers 267-68). In work a man may be waiting to be fired. When he sees hisboss he begins to sweat. The unconditioned stimulus is getting fired, theconditioned stimulus is the sight of the boss, the conditioned response is thesweating. In s chool a boy may be in class when suddenly the fire alarm goes offat which time the boy walks to breathe out the building. The unconditioned stimulus isfear of a fire, the conditioned stimulus is the sound of the alarm, and theconditioned response is the exiting of the building.Operant conditioning is an organisms learning an association between howit behaves and what happens as a result of that behavior (Gazzaniga 244). Thereare some differences between classical and operant conditioning. First, theoperant response has to occur completely spontaneously. In classicalconditioning the conditioned response is drawn from an organism. In operantconditioning the response is delivered by the organism which then awaits the